RNA degradation plays an important role in modulating gene expression and it affects multiple biological processes. There are three common degradation mechanisms of eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA: endonucleolytic, 5′-to-3′ and 3′-to-5′ exonucleolytic degradation. Differences do exist between the two kingdoms. For example, although the 5′-to-3′ exoribonucleolytic degradation is the primary degradation mechanism of eukaryotic mRNA, it plays a minimal role in bacteria, and only in Gram-positive bacteria. Recently, novel RNA degradation mechanisms have been revealed, such as a new eukaryotic mRNA decapping mode mediated by 3′-uridylation and a new 3′-to-5′ degradation pathway independent of exosome. These accumulating discoveries not only deepen the insight of mRNA degradation mechanisms, but also may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic drugs targeting parasites, viruses or cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of 5′-to-3′ exonucleolytic degradation pathway of eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA, and its future therapeutic perspectives.
Tisen Xu, Xuegui Li, Dejie Jiao, Zhaohui Xie, Zhongmin Dai
. Mechanism of 5′-to-3′ degradation of eukaryotic and prokaryotic mRNA[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2015
, 37(3)
: 250
-258
.
DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.14-368
[1] Cheadle C, Fan JS, Cho-Chung YS, Werner T, Ray J, Do L, Gorospe M, Becker KG. Control of gene expression during T cell activation: alternate regulation of mRNA transcription and mRNA stability. BMC Genom , 2005, 6: 75.
[2] Malecki M, Viegas SC, Carneiro T, Golik P, Dressaire C, Ferreira MG, Arraiano CM. The exoribonuclease Dis3L2 defines a novel eukaryotic RNA degradation pathway. EMBO J , 2013, 32(13): 1842-1854.
[3] Chang JH, Jiao XF, Chiba K, Oh C, Martin CE, Kiledjian M, Tong L. Dxo1 is a new type of eukaryotic enzyme with both decapping and 5′-3′ exoribonuclease activity. Nat Struct Mol Biol , 2012, 19(10): 1011-1017.
[4] Song MG, Bail S, Kiledjian M. Multiple Nudix family proteins possess mRNA decapping activity. RNA , 2013, 19(3): 390-399.
[5] Li Y, Song MG, Kiledjian M. Differential utilization of decapping enzymes in mammalian mRNA decay pathways. RNA , 2011, 17(3): 419-428.
[6] Haas G, Braun JE, Igreja C, Tritschler F, Nishihara T, Izaurralde E. HPat provides a link between deadenylation and decapping in metazoa. J Cell Biol , 2010, 189(2): 289-302.
[7] Chang CT, Bercovich N, Loh B, Jonas S, Izaurralde E. The activation of the decapping enzyme DCP2 by DCP1 occurs on the EDC4 scaffold and involves a conserved loop in DCP1. Nucleic Acids Res , 2014, 42(8): 5217-5233.
[8] Wolf J, Valkov E, Allen MD, Meineke B, Gordiyenko Y, McLaughlin SH, Olsen TM, Robinson CV, Bycroft M, Stewart M, Passmore LA. Structural basis for Pan3 binding to Pan2 and its function in mRNA recruitment and deadenylation . EMBO J , 2014, 33(14): 1514-1526.
[9] Huang KL, Chadee AB, Chen CY, Zhang YQ, Shyu AB. Phosphorylation at intrinsically disordered regions of PAM2 motif-containing proteins modulates their interactions with PABPC1 and influences mRNA fate. RNA , 2013, 19(3): 295-305.
[10] Bhandari D, Raisch T, Weichenrieder O, Jonas S, Izaurralde E. Structural basis for the Nanos-mediated recruitment of the CCR4-NOT complex and translational repression. Genes Dev , 2014, 28(8): 888-901.
[11] Barckmann B, Simonelig M. Control of maternal mRNA stability in germ cells and early embryos. Biochim Biophys Acta , 2013, 1829(6-7): 714-724.
[12] Loh B, Jonas S, Izaurralde E. The SMG5-SMG7 heterodimer directly recruits the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex to mRNAs containing nonsense codons via interaction with POP2. Genes Dev , 2013, 27(19): 2125-2138.
[13] Barišić-Jäger E, Kręcioch I, Hosiner S, Antic S, Dorner S. HPat a decapping activator interacting with the miRNA effector complex. PLoS One. 2013, 8(8): e71860.
[14] Chowdhury A, Kalurupalle S, Tharun S. Pat1 contributes to the RNA binding activity of the Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex. RNA , 2014, 20(9): 1465-1475.
[15] Wu DH, Muhlrad D, Bowler MW, Jiang SM, Liu Z, Parker R, Song HW. Lsm2 and Lsm3 bridge the interaction of the Lsm1-7 complex with Pat1 for decapping activation. Cell Res , 2014, 24(2): 233-246.
[16] Sharif H, Conti E. Architecture of the Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex: a conserved assembly in eukaryotic mRNA turnover. Cell Rep , 2013, 5(2): 283-291.
[17] Badis G, Saveanu C, Fromont-Racine M, Jacquier A. Targeted mRNA degradation by deadenylation-independent decapping. Mol Cell , 2004, 15(1): 5-15.
[18] He F, Li CF, Roy B, Jacobson A. Yeast Edc3 targets RPS28B mRNA for decapping by binding to a 3′ untranslated region decay-inducing regulatory element. Mol Cell Biol , 2014, 34(8): 1438-1451
[19] Muhlrad D, Parker R. The yeast EDC1 mRNA undergoes deadenylation-independent decapping stimulated by Not2p, Not4p, and Not5p. EMBO J , 2005, 24(5): 1033-1045
[20] Nagarajan VK, Jones CI, Newbury SF, Green PJ. XRN 5′→3′ exoribonucleases: structure, mechanisms and functions. Biochim Biophys Acta , 2013, 1829(6-7): 590-603.
[21] Nishihara T, Zekri L, Braun JE, Izaurralde E. miRISC recruits decapping factors to miRNA targets to
