To investigate the contamination of Salmonella and its drug resistance in egg production chains, 111 Salmonella strains of different serotypes isolated from egg production chains were used in the study. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics and disinfectants against Salmonella isolates were determined, meanwhile, antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes were amplified. The results showed that the resistance frequency of trimethoprim (TMP, N=100, P=90.09%) was highest among Salmonella isolates and all isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin and clavulanate (AMC), ceftiofur sodium (CFS) and gentamicin (CN), respectively. There were six different antibiotic resistance profiles, and TMP profile was the most prevalent type (N=36, P=32.43%). 52.25% of Salmonella isolates appeared multi-drug resistance. The MICs of benzalkonium chloride (BC) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) against Salmonella strains ranged from 8 to 128 μg/mL and 8 to 256 μg/mL, respectively. Compared to quality control strain Escherichia coli ATCC10536, 101 Salmonella isolates (P=90.99%) had dual resistances to BC and CPC. 109 Salmonella (P=98.20%) were co-resistant to antibiotic and disinfectant. Detection of drug resistance genes showed that blaTEM gene was dominant (N=49, P=44.14%). The qnrA, qnrB and qepA genes were not detected. Only qacEΔ1 gene (N=63, P=56.76%) was detected among the disinfectant resistance genes. There was a significant correlation between sul1 gene and qacEΔ1 gene (P < 0.01). S. Derby showed multi-resistances to TMP, oxytetracycline (OTC), amoxicillin (AML) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Eleven antibiotic resistance genes were found in S. Derby, in which the prevalence of qacEΔ1 gene was 81.25% (N=52). Besides, the drug resistance frequency and the prevalence of drug resistance genes in internal farm environment were higher than those in external environment. High frequency of drug resistances and high prevalence of drug resistance genes were detected in all links of the egg production chains, including package, storage and sale. Our results showed that severe antibiotic and disinfectant resistances existed in egg production chains. Therefore, further hygiene supervision should be implemented to prevent and control Salmonella, and standardize the use of antibiotics and disinfectants.
Shengzhi Yang, Guoyan Wu, Mei Long, Wenwen Deng, Hongning Wang, Likou Zou
. Antibiotic and disinfectant resistance of Salmonella isolated from egg production chains[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2016
, 38(10)
: 948
-956
.
DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.16-185
[1] Schwarz S, Chaslus-Dancla E. Use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and mechanisms of resistance. Vet Res , 2001, 32(3-4): 201-225.
[2] Blair JM, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, Ogbolu DO, Piddock LJV. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol , 2015, 13(1): 42-51.
[3] Wang HH, Ye KP, Wei XR, Cao JX, Xu XL, Zhou GH. Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of Salmonella isolates from a chicken slaughter plant in China. Food Control , 2013, 33(2): 378-384.
[4] Diarra MS, Delaquis P, Rempel H, Bach S, Harlton C, Aslam M, Pritchard J, Topp E. Antibiotic resistance and diversity of Salmonella enterica serovars associated with broiler chickens. J Food Prot , 2014, 77(1): 40-49.
[5] Li RH, Lai J, Wang Y, Liu SL, Li Y, Liu KY, Shen JZ, Wu CM. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella species isolated from pigs, ducks and chickens in Sichuan Province, China. Int J Food Microbiol , 2013, 163(1): 14-18.
[6] Tao CW, Hsu BM, Ji WT, Hsu TK, Kao PM, Hsu CP, Shen SM, Shen TY, Wan TJ, Huang YL. Evaluation of five antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment systems of swine farms by real-time PCR. Sci Total Environ , 2014, 496: 116-121.
[7] Mezali L, Hamdi TM. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from meat and meat products in Algiers (Algeria). Foodborne Pathog Dis , 2012, 9(6): 522-529.
[8] Buffet-Bataillon S, Branger B, Cormier M, Bonnaure- Mallet M, Jolivet-Gougeon A. Effect of higher minimum inhibitory concentrations of quaternary ammonium compounds in clinical E . coli isolates on antibiotic susceptibilities and clinical outcomes. J Hosp Infect , 2011, 79(2): 141-146.
[9] Langsrud S, Sundheim G. Factors contributing to the survival of poultry associated Pseudomonas spp. exposed to a quaternary ammonium compound. J Appl Microbiol , 1997, 82(6): 705-712.
[10] Adair FW, Geftic SG, Gelzer J. Resistance of Pseudomonas to quaternary ammonium compounds: II. Cross-resistance characteristics of a mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Appl Environ Microbiol , 1971, 21(6): 1058-1063.
[11] Sidhu MS, Sørum H, Holck A. Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in food-related bacteria. Microb Drug Resist , 2002, 8(4): 393-399.
[12] Sundheim G, Langsrud S, Heir E, Holck AL. Bacterial resistance to disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium compounds. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad , 1998, 41(3- 4): 235-239.
[13] Zhao WH, Chen G, Ito R, Kimura S, Hu ZQ. Identification of a plasmid-borne blaIMP-11 gene in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae . J Med Microbiol , 2012, 61(2): 246-251.
[14] Call DR, Singer RS, Meng D, Broschat SL, Orfe LH, Anderson JM, Herndon DR, Kappmeyer LS, Daniels JB, Besser TE. bla CMY-2 -positive IncA/C plasmids from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica are a distinct component of a larger lineage of plasmids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother , 2010, 54(2): 590-596.
[15] Threlfall EJ. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella : problems and perspectives in food- and water-borne infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev , 2002, 26(2): 141-148.
[16] Hur J, Jawale C, Lee JH. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from food animals: A review. Food Res Int , 2012, 45(2): 819-830.
[17] McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev , 1999, 12(1): 147-179.
[18] Sapkota AR, Kinney EL, George A, Hulet RM, Cruz-Cano R, Schwab KJ, Zhang GY, Joseph SW. Lower prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella on large-scale U.S. conventional poultry farms that transitioned to organic practices. Sci Total Environ , 2014, 476-477: 387-392.
[19] Xia QQ, Wang HN, Zhang AY. Detection of tetracycline resistant genes in bacterial by using a triple-PCR method. J Sichuan Univ ( Nat Sci Ed ), 2013, 50(1): 171-176. 夏青青, 王红宁, 张安云. 三重PCR方法对猪、鸡源细菌中四环素类药物耐药基因的检测. 四川大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 50(1): 171-176.
[20] Sáenz Y, B
