基于散发耳聋核心家系的基因新发突变(DNM)特征分析及遗传咨询策略

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.24-228

[an error occurred while processing this directive]

Hereditas(Beijing) ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (3): 329-341.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.24-228

• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles

Interpretation of de novo mutations (DNM) and genetic counseling for sporadic hearing loss based on family trio-based sequencing

Jing Guan¹^,²(), XiaonanWu ¹^,², Jin Li¹^,², Guohui Chen¹^,², Hongyang Wang¹^,², Qiuju Wang¹^,²()

1. Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, the Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048，China
2. National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing 100048, China

Received:2024-09-14 Revised:2024-12-23 Online:2025-03-20 Published:2025-01-06
Contact: Jing Guan, Qiuju Wang E-mail:ggy3u@126.com;wqcr301@vip.sina.com
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82271171);National Natural Science Foundation of China(82271189);National Natural Science Foundation of China(82222016)

Abstract

Abstract:

De novo mutations (DNMs) are significant genetic factors contributing to sporadic hearing loss (HL) and complex HL syndromes. To analyze the genetic counseling characteristics and interpretation of pathogenic DNMs for sporadic HL, we retrospectively analyze the clinical information of probands and their parents from 410 sporadic HL core pedigrees enrolled in the “Chinese Deafness Genome Project (CDGP)” between October 2015 and October 2023. We apply family trio-based genome sequencing (targeted gene capture and high throughput sequencing, mitochondrial genome sequencing, and copy number variants analysis) and validate the samples of their unaffected-parents. Homologous allele sequencing is used to identity by descent (IBD) in the DNM family trios. The results reveal that 7.3% (30 cases) of the probands in these sporadic hearing loss core pedigrees carry 17 types of autosomal dominant gene de novo single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertions/deletions (Indels), and one type of de novo copy number variation, encompassing all types of DNM. Among them, WFS1 c.2051C>T, ATP1A3 c.2452G>A, and ACTG1 c.94C>T are common DNM in sporadic HL. The genotype C>T transversion exhibit a high number (34.6%). Clinical feature analyses also show that 56.7% (17/30) of the probands have non-syndromic HL, but more than half of them (52.9%, 9/17) carry pathogenic genotypes clearly associated with “syndromic HL”, possibly exhibiting temporary "mimic" non-syndromic HL phenotypic characteristics. The average parental ages at childbirth for the 30 probands are 29.4 years for fathers and 28.3 years for mothers, with 13.3% of fathers or mothers aged ≥35 years. Additionally, among the family structure of the proband of genetic counseling, 63.3% are single-child families with a clear desire for another child, and 16.7% of the probands’ parents seek prenatal genetic counseling for conceiving a “second child”. During genetic counseling, it is essential to test the “family proband-parents’ trios” core pedigree as a unit to analyze the genetic contribution of DNMs to HL. Furthermore, there is a certain correlation between the occurrence of DNMs and increasing parental age at childbirth. Therefore, for families with a history of DNM-associated sporadic HL, it is necessary to collect clinical information such as the parental age at childbirth and obstetric history of hearing-healthy parents. For these families planning another child, it is recommended to undergo prenatal diagnosis for the identified DNM pathogenic variations after conception and pay attention to the pregnancy outcome.

Key words: sporadic hearing loss, de novo mutation, genetic counseling, age factors, reproductive health

Jing Guan, XiaonanWu , Jin Li, Guohui Chen, Hongyang Wang, Qiuju Wang. Interpretation of de novo mutations (DNM) and genetic counseling for sporadic hearing loss based on family trio-based sequencing[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2025, 47(3): 329-341.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Summary of phenotype characteristics of patients with pathogenic gene DNMs"

基因	OMIM 遗传模式	表型特征(发病年龄、HL特征、是否伴有其他系统)
基因	OMIM 遗传模式	本组患者	文献报道
ACTG1	AD	2例患者，2~3岁发病，呈中度或极重度、平坦型HL，不伴其他系统症状	常染色体显性遗传DFNA20/26型耳聋，发病年龄13.2±4.6岁，呈双耳斜坡型、感音神经性HL，随年龄进行性加重，逐渐累及全频、呈极重度HL^[7]
ATP1A3	AD	3例患者，4~11岁发病，呈上坡型/低中频型或平坦型、中度或重度HL，言语识别率差，诊断听神经病。其中1例患者内听道MRI显示双侧蜗神经纤细，2例患者伴视神经萎缩，不伴其他神经系统症状	CAPOS综合征(小脑性共济失调、反射消失、高弓足、视神经萎缩和感音神经性听力损失)，6月龄~3岁发病；其中HL和视神经萎缩常于3岁时出现，HL呈轻度或中重度上坡型；所有症状进展缓慢^[14]
ARID1B	AD	1例患者，4月龄发病，呈极重度、平坦型HL；伴发育迟缓、轻度腭裂、隐睾	Coffin-Siris综合征(发育障碍、严重言语障碍、小头畸形、面部特征粗糙、第5手指/脚趾指甲发育不全或缺如)，无明确听力学描述^[29]
CHD7	AD	1例患者，先天性，呈重度、平坦型HL，伴心血管系统主动脉异常，诊断为非典型CHARGE综合征	CHARGE综合征(眼盲症；心异常；后鼻孔闭锁；智力和躯体发育迟缓；小阴茎；耳部结构发育异常和/或耳聋)^[30]
COL2A1	AD	1例患者，先天性，呈中度、平坦型HL，不伴其他系统症状	Stickler综合征(严重视力、听力和关节疾病，婴儿期或儿童期发病；眼睛突出、鼻孔前倾、下巴后缩、腭裂等面部特征，高度近视、青光眼、听力下降、骨骼关节异常)^[31]
EYA4	AD	1例患者，13岁发病，呈中度、中高频下降型HL；不伴其他系统症状	常染色体显性遗传DFNA10型耳聋，呈双侧对称、迟发性、渐进性下降。已报道发病年龄4~50岁，发病初期常累及中频听力，呈谷型或平坦型，约50岁以后进展为重度-极重度耳聋。也有报道成年伴有扩张型心肌病的个案^[32]
FGFR3	AD	1例患者，5岁发病，呈轻度、U型HL，言语发育良好；不伴其他系统症状	已报道多种不同表型，包括：颅缝早闭，CATSHL综合征(屈指畸形、高个子，脊柱侧凸、听力损失，HL先天或儿童期发病、程度从轻度到重度均有报道)，软骨发育不全，脂肪代谢异常，Muenke综合征，Crouzon综合征伴黑棘皮病，严重软骨发育不全伴发育迟缓和黑棘皮病，LADD综合征(泪-耳-牙-指综合征)^[33]
GATA3	AD	1例患者，4岁发病，呈中度、斜坡型HL	HDR综合征(甲状旁腺功能减退、感音神经性耳聋、肾发育不良)；HL是最常见的特点，最早可于出生时发病，程度轻重不等^[34]
MITF	AD	2例患者，1~2岁发病，呈重度-极重度、平坦型HL，伴虹膜异色，诊断为Waardenburg综合征	Waardenburg综合征II型(感音神经性耳聋、虹膜异色、额白发/早白发，不伴内眦间距异常)^[35]
MYCN	AD	1例患者，先天性，呈极重度、平坦型HL	Feingold综合征(小头畸形、肢体畸形、食管和十二指肠闭锁以及学习障碍/智力迟钝等症状)；巨脑-多指综合征^[36]
NLRP3	AD	2例患者，6~23岁发病，呈中度、斜坡型HL；1例成年患者无其他系统症状；1例儿童患者伴有周期性发热、荨麻疹、结膜炎，诊断为CINCA综合征	常染色体显性遗传DFNA34型耳聋，伴或不伴炎性症状(荨麻疹、周期性发热、结膜炎、关节炎等)；CINCA综合征(慢性婴儿神经皮肤关节综合征)，新生儿发病是出现反复发热、皮疹，随年龄逐渐出现HL、关节炎^[37]
OPA1	AD	2例患者，2~6岁发病，呈中度、上坡型/低中频型HL，听神经病伴视神经萎缩	听神经病、视神经萎缩^[38]
PAX3	AD	1例患者，先天性，呈极重度、平坦型HL，伴虹膜异色、内眦间距增宽，诊断为Waardenburg综合征	色素-听力综合征：先天性感音神经性聋、虹膜色素异常、毛发皮肤色素异常等^[20]
PTPN11	AD	2例患者，先天性，呈极重度、平坦型HL，不伴其他系统症状	Noonan综合征；LEOPARD综合征^[39]
SOX10	AD	3例患者，先天性极重度、平坦型HL； 2例伴单侧虹膜异色，诊断为Waardenburg综合征；1例不伴其他系统症状	Waardenburg综合征2型和Waardenburg综合征4型，典型表型：额白发、虹膜色素缺失、四肢末端皮肤变白、先天性极重度感音神经性耳聋^[35,40]
TECTA	AD	1例患者，先天性，呈重度、平坦型HL，不伴其他系统症状	DFNA8/12：语前聋，中频下降型^[32]
WFS1	AD	4例患者，≤2岁发病，呈极重度、平坦型HL，不伴其他系统症状	DFNA6/14/38：语前聋，低频型、呈进行性；WLS综合征：进行听力下降伴视神经萎缩或葡萄糖调节耐量受损^[32]
2q36.1q36.3 缺失	—	1例患者，先天性，呈极重度、平坦型HL，伴颅面畸形(眼距宽、鼻梁扁平)、严重龋齿，生长发育迟缓、拇指屈曲、断掌、手掌向尺侧偏斜	2q36缺失综合征，表型异质性较大，相关表型特征包括智力及运动发育迟缓、内眦距离增宽、手或脚趾畸形、脊柱侧凸或脊柱裂、听力损失、牙齿发育异常^[19]

Table 2

Fig. 2

References 40

[1]	Rahbari R, Wuster A, Lindsay SJ, Hardwick RJ, Alexandrov LB, Turki SA, Dominiczak A, Morris A, Porteous D, Smith B, Stratton MR, UK10K Consortium, Hurles ME. Timing, rates and spectra of human germline mutation. Nat Genet, 2016, 48(2): 126-133. doi: 10.1038/ng.3469 pmid: 26656846
[2]	Acuna-Hidalgo R, Veltman JA, Hoischen A. New insights into the generation and role of de novo mutations in health and disease. Genome Biol, 2016, 17(1): 241. pmid: 27894357
[3]	Ambalavanan A, Girard SL, Ahn K, Zhou SR, Dionne- Laporte A, Spiegelman D, Bourassa CV, Gauthier J, Hamdan FF, Xiong L, Dion PA, Joober R, Rapoport J, Rouleau GA. De novo variants in sporadic cases of childhood onset schizophrenia. Eur J Hum Genet, 2016, 24(6): 944-948.
[4]	Guan J, Li J, Chen GH, Shi T, Lan L, Wu XN, Zhao C, Wang DY, Wang HY, Wang QJ. Family trio-based sequencing in 404 sporadic bilateral hearing loss patients discovers recessive and De novo genetic variants in multiple ways. Eur J Med Genet, 2021, 64(10): 104311.
[5]	Baux D, Vaché C, Blanchet C, Willems M, Baudoin C, Moclyn M, Faugère V, Touraine R, Isidor B, Dupin- Deguine D, Nizon M, Vincent M, Mercier S, Calais C, García-García G, Azher Z, Lambert L, Perdomo-Trujillo Y, Giuliano F, Claustres M, Koenig M, Mondain M, Roux AF. Combined genetic approaches yield a 48% diagnostic rate in a large cohort of French hearing-impaired patients. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 16783. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16846-9 pmid: 29196752
[6]	Cabanillas R, Diñeiro M, Cifuentes GA, Castillo D, Pruneda PC, Álvarez R, Sánchez-Durán N, Capín R, Plasencia A, Viejo-Díaz M, García-González N, Hernando I, Llorente JL, Repáraz-Andrade A, Torreira-Banzas C, Rosell J, Govea N, Gómez-Martínez JR, Núñez-Batalla F, Garrote JA, Mazón-Gutiérrez Á, Costales M, Isidoro- García M, García-Berrocal B, Ordóñez GR, Cadiñanos J. Comprehensive genomic diagnosis of non-syndromic and syndromic hereditary hearing loss in Spanish patients. BMC Med Genomics, 2018, 11(1): 58. doi: 10.1186/s12920-018-0375-5 pmid: 29986705
[7]	Klimara MJ, Nishimura C, Wang DH, Kolbe DL, Schaefer AM, Walls WD, Frees KL, Smith RJH, Azaiez H. De novo variants are a common cause of genetic hearing loss. Genet Med, 2022, 24(12): 2555-2567. doi: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.08.028 pmid: 36194208
[8]	Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Wong WSW, Sigurdsson G, Walters GB, Steinberg S, Helgason H, Thorleifsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Magnusson OT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K. Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father's age to disease risk. Nature, 2012, 488(7412): 471-475.
[9]	Guan J, He L, Yang SM, Wang QJ. Expert consensus on genetic counseling for hearing loss. Chin J Otol, 2022, 20(2): 222-226.
	关静, 贺林, 杨仕明, 王秋菊. 聋病遗传咨询专家共识. 中华耳科学杂志, 2022, 20(2): 222-226.
[10]	Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, Gastier-Foster J, Grody WW, Hegde M, Lyon E, Spector E, Voelkerding K, Rehm HL, ACMG Laboratory Quality Assurance Committee. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med, 2015, 17(5): 405-424. doi: 10.1038/gim.2015.30 pmid: 25741868
[11]	Oza AM, DiStefano MT, Hemphill SE, Cushman BJ, Grant AR, Siegert RK, Shen J, Chapin A, Boczek NJ, Schimmenti LA, Murry JB, Hasadsri L, Nara K, Kenna M, Booth KT, Azaiez H, Griffith A, Avraham KB, Kremer H, Rehm HL, Amr SS, Abou Tayoun AN, ClinGen Hearing Loss Clinical Domain Working Group. Expert specification of the ACMG/AMP variant interpretation guidelines for genetic hearing loss. Hum Mutat, 2018, 39(11): 1593-1613. doi: 10.1002/humu.23630 pmid: 30311386
[12]	Patel MJ, DiStefano MT, Oza AM, Hughes MY, Wilcox EH, Hemphill SE, Cushman BJ, Grant AR, Siegert RK, Shen J, Chapin A, Boczek NJ, Schimmenti LA, Nara K, Kenna M, Azaiez H, Booth KT, Avraham KB, Kremer H, Griffith AJ, Rehm HL, Amr SS, Tayoun ANA, ClinGen Hearing Loss Clinical Domain Working Group. Disease- specific ACMG/AMP guidelines improve sequence variant interpretation for hearing loss. Genet Med, 2021, 23(11): 2208-2212.
[13]	Riggs ER, Andersen EF, Cherry AM, Kantarci S, Kearney H, Patel A, Raca G, Ritter DI, South ST, Thorland EC, Pineda-Alvarez D, Aradhya S, Martin CL. Technical standards for the interpretation and reporting of constitutional copy-number variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen). Genet Med, 2020, 22(2): 245-257. doi: 10.1038/s41436-019-0686-8 pmid: 31690835
[14]	Wang WJ, Li J, Lan L, Xie LY, Xiong F, Guan J, Wang HY, Wang QJ. Auditory neuropathy as the initial phenotype for patients with ATP1A3 c.2452 G>A: Genotype-phenotype study and CI management. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021, 9: 749484.
[15]	Zhang QJ, Lan L, Xie LY, Zhao C, Guan J, Wang QJ. Identification of a novel mutation of SOX10 gene and analysis of the phenotype. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2020, 55(11): 1050-1056.
	张秋静, 兰兰, 谢林怡, 赵翠, 关静, 王秋菊. SOX10基因新突变的鉴定及其临床表型特征分析. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2020, 55(11): 1050-1056.
[16]	Hodgkinson A, Eyre-Walker A. Variation in the mutation rate across mammalian genomes. Nat Rev Genet, 2011, 12(11): 756-766. doi: 10.1038/nrg3098 pmid: 21969038
[17]	Campbell CD, Eichler EE. Properties and rates of germline mutations in humans. Trends Genet, 2013, 29(10): 575-584. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.04.005 pmid: 23684843
[18]	Guan J, Wu XN, Zhang J, Li J, Wang HY, Wang QJ. Global research landscape on the contribution of de novo mutations to human genetic diseases over the past 20 years: bibliometric analysis. J Neurogenet, 2024, 38(1): 9-18.
[19]	Li C, Chen RY, Fan X, Luo JS, Qian JL, Wang J, Xie BB, Shen YP, Chen SK. EPHA4 haploinsufficiency is responsible for the short stature of a patient with 2q35-q36.2 deletion and Waardenburg syndrome. BMC Med Genet, 2015, 16: 23.
[20]	Song J, Feng Y, Acke FR, Coucke P, Vleminckx K, Dhooge IJ. Hearing loss in Waardenburg syndrome: a systematic review. Clin Genet, 2016, 89(4): 416-425. doi: 10.1111/cge.12631 pmid: 26100139
[21]	Jónsson H, Sulem P, Kehr B, Kristmundsdottir S, Zink F, Hjartarson E, Hardarson MT, Hjorleifsson KE, Eggertsson HP, Gudjonsson SA, Ward LD, Arnadottir GA, Helgason EA, Helgason H, Gylfason A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Rafnar T, Frigge M, Stacey SN, Th Magnusson O, Thorsteinsdottir U, Masson G, Kong A, Halldorsson BV, Helgason A, Gudbjartsson DF, Stefansson K. Parental influence on human germline de novo mutations in 1,548 trios from Iceland. Nature, 2017, 549(7673): 519-522.
[22]	Ma KX, Zhang WY, Wang X. Influence of paternal age on progeny prognosis. Chin J Obstet Gynecol, 2021, 56(3): 222-225.
	马可心, 张为远, 王欣. 父亲生育年龄对子代预后的影响. 中华妇产科杂志, 2021, 56(3): 222-225.
[23]	Zhu WJ. Opportunities and challenges on fertility for aging men. Chin J Reprod Contracep, 2019, 39(6): 433-435.
	朱伟杰. 高龄男性生育研究的机遇与挑战. 中华生殖与避孕杂志, 2019, 39(6): 433-435.
[24]	Lu BY, Han B, Hu HW, Long W, Wang L, Cai ZM, Wang HY, Yu B. Changes in maternal age and its influences on maternal and neonatal complications under the two-child policy. Chin J Perinat Med, 2019, 22(3): 157-163.
	陆蓓亦, 韩波, 胡慧文, 龙伟, 王丽, 蔡正茂, 王慧艳, 虞斌. 新生育政策下孕妇年龄的变化及对母婴并发症的影响. 中华围产医学杂志, 2019, 22(3):157-163.
[25]	Mao YY, Hu H, Chen DY, Du YS, Fang YH, Wang SM, Li M, Zhou WJ. Association between parental characteristics during peri-conceptional period and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. Chin J Reprod Contracep, 2022, 42(4): 372-378.
	毛燕燕, 胡宏, 陈东燕, 杜亚松, 房宇航, 王尚明, 李敏, 周维谨. 父母亲生育年龄等围孕期因素与儿童孤独症谱系障碍的关联性. 中华生殖与避孕杂志, 2022, 42(4): 372-378.
[26]	Acuna-Hidalgo R, Bo T, Kwint MP, van de Vorst M, Pinelli M, Veltman JA, Hoischen A, Vissers LELM, Gilissen C. Post-zygotic point mutations are an underrecognized source of de novo genomic variation. Am J Hum Genet, 2015, 97(1): 67-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.05.008 pmid: 26054435
[27]	Qin L, Wang J, Tian X, Yu H, Truong C, Mitchell JJ, Wierenga KJ, Craigen WJ, Zhang VW, Wong LJC. Detection and quantification of mosaic mutations in disease genes by next-generation sequencing. J Mol Diagn, 2016, 18(3): 446-453. doi: S1525-1578(16)00039-8 pmid: 26944031
[28]	Gambin T, Liu Q, Karolak JA, Grochowski CM, Xie NG, Wu LR, Yan YH, Cao Y, Coban Akdemir ZH, Wilson TA, Jhangiani SN, Chen E, Eng CM, Muzny D, Posey JE, Yang YP, Zhang DY, Shaw C, Liu PF, Lupski JR, Stankiewicz P. Low-level parental somatic mosaic SNVs in exomes from a large cohort of trios with diverse suspected Mendelian conditions. Genet Med, 2020, 22(11): 1768-1776.
[29]	Sim JCH, White SM, Lockhart PJ. ARID1B-mediated disorders: Mutations and possible mechanisms. Intractable Rare Dis Res, 2015, 4(1): 17-23.
[30]	van Ravenswaaij-Arts C, Martin DM. New insights and advances in CHARGE syndrome: Diagnosis, etiologies, treatments, and research discoveries. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 2017, 175(4): 397-406.
[31]	Boothe M, Morris R, Robin N. Stickler syndrome: a review of clinical manifestations and the genetics evaluation. J Pers Med, 2020, 10(3): 105.
[32]	Aldè M, Cantarella G, Zanetti D, Pignataro L, La Mantia I, Maiolino L, Ferlito S, Di Mauro P, Cocuzza S, Lechien JR, Iannella G, Simon F, Maniaci A. Autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss (DFNA): a comprehensive narrative review. Biomedicines, 2023, 11(6): 1616.
[33]	Pauli RM. Achondroplasia: a comprehensive clinical review. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2019, 14(1): 1. doi: 10.1186/s13023-018-0972-6 pmid: 30606190
[34]	Wang L, Lin QF, Wang HY, Guan J, Lan L, Xie LY, Yu L, Yang J, Zhao C, Liang JL, Zhou HL, Yang HM, Xiong WP, Zhang QJ, Wang DY, Wang QJ. Clinical auditory phenotypes associated with GATA3 gene mutations in familial hypoparathyroidism-deafness-renal dysplasia syndrome. Chin Med J (Engl), 2017, 130(6): 703-709.
[35]	Li XH, Huang SS, Wang GJ, Kang DY, Han MY, Wu XD, Yang JY, Zheng QC, Zhao CY, Yuan YY, Dai P. Quantitative assessment of low-level parental mosaicism of SNVs and CNVs in Waardenburg syndrome. Hum Genet, 2023, 142(3): 419-430.
[36]	Ruiz-Pérez MV, Henley AB, Arsenian-Henriksson M. The MYCN Protein in health and disease. Genes (Basel), 2017, 8(4): 113.
[37]	Gregory GE, Munro KJ, Couper KN, Pathmanaban ON, Brough D. The NLRP3 inflammasome as a target for sensorineural hearing loss. Clin Immunol, 2023, 249: 109287.
[38]	Wang HY, Guan LP, Wu XN, Guan J, Li J, Li N, Wu KL, Gao Y, Bing D, Zhang JG, Lan L, Shi T, Li DY, Wang WJ, Xie LY, Xiong F, Shi W, Zhao LJ, Wang DY, Yin Y, Wang QJ. Clinical and genetic architecture of a large cohort with auditory neuropathy. Hum Genet, 2024, 143(3): 293-309. doi: 10.1007/s00439-024-02652-7 pmid: 38456936
[39]	Gao X, Huang SS, Qiu SW, Su Y, Wang WQ, Xu HY, Xu JC, Kang DY, Dai P, Yuan YY. Congenital sensorineural hearing loss as the initial presentation of PTPN11- associated Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines or Noonan syndrome: clinical features and underlying mechanisms. J Med Genet, 2021, 58(7): 465-474.
[40]	Wang SQ, Chen Y, Luo KH, Shi NJ, Xiao KL, Cui ZH, Zeng TS, Li HQ. Diagnosis and genetic analysis of a case of Waardenburg syndrome type 2 with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by SOX10 gene deletion. Hereditas(Beijing), 2022, 44(12): 1158-1166.
	王思琪, 陈阳, 罗宽宏, 史宁杰, 肖康丽, 崔振海, 曾天舒, 黎慧清. 一例SOX10基因缺失所致的Waardenburg综合征2型合并低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的诊断和基因检测分析. 遗传, 2022, 44(12): 1158-1166.

Metrics

Comments

www.chinagene.cn
备案号：京ICP备09063187号

Interpretation of de novo mutations (DNM) and genetic counseling for sporadic hearing loss based on family trio-based sequencing

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 4

References 40

Related Articles 6

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Panhui Tian, Yue Xu, Yongqing Zhang, Tianyun Wang. Genetic diseases are not necessarily inherited: suggestion on its Chinese translation [J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2024, 46(9): 673-676.
[2]	Xiuquan Zhang,Jian Wang,Fu Xiong,Weibiao Lv,Yuanqing Zhou,Shaomin Yang,Yuting Zhang,Xiaoyan Tian,Wei Lian,Xiangmin Xu. Congenital ectrodactyly caused by chromosome 10q24.31 duplication and its pathogenetic analysis [J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2019, 41(8): 716-724.
[3]	Liya Sun, Qinghe Xing, Lin He. Retrospect and prospect of the genetic research on birth defects in China [J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2018, 40(10): 800-813.
[4]	Yaping Liao,Chunjing Wang,Meng Liang,Xiaomei Hu,Qi Wu. Analysis of genetic characteristics and reproductive risks of balanced complex chromosome rearrangement carriers in China [J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2017, 39(5): 396-412.
[5]	HE Min, LI Wei. China genetic counseling network (CGCN): a website on genetic counseling and genetic education [J]. HEREDITAS, 2007, 29(3): 381-381―384.
[6]	ZHANG Yuan-Zhi, Nanbert ZHONG. The Emphases and Basic Procedures of Genetic Counseling in Psychotherapeutic Model [J]. HEREDITAS, 2006, 28(11): 1440-1444.