遗传 ›› 2022, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 216-229.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.21-260

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

家马的起源历史与品种驯化特征

付孟(), 李艳   

  1. 省部共建云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室,云南大学生命科学学院,昆明 650091
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-19 修回日期:2021-11-11 出版日期:2022-03-20 发布日期:2022-01-27
  • 作者简介:付孟,在读硕士研究生,专业方向:动物学。E-mail: 2461849250@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    中国科学院先导A项目编号(XDA2004010302);国家自然科学基金项目(32070600);云南省中青年学术带头人后备人才基金项目资助编号(2018HB033)

The origin and domestication history of domestic horses and the domestication characteristics of breeds

Meng Fu(), Yan Li   

  1. State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
  • Received:2021-07-19 Revised:2021-11-11 Published:2022-03-20 Online:2022-01-27
  • Supported by:
    Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences No(XDA2004010302);the National Natural Science Foundation of China No(32070600);the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province No(2018HB033)

摘要:

在家犬(Canis lupus familiaris)、牛(Bos taurus)、猪(Sus scrofa domesticus)、绵羊(Ovis aries)、山羊(Capra hircus)等家养动物之后,家马(Equus caballus)才被人类成功驯化。虽然驯化历史很短,但其对人类社会文明发展变革的影响却最大。家马出色的负重移动能力使人类社会由固定的农耕模式向移动分享模式过渡,使历史发展进入了快车道,因此其起源驯化历史一直备受关注。然而由于家马直系同源野生种早已灭绝,加之现代品种化培育引起遗传多样性骤减,使得相关研究长期争议不断。随着测序技术的不断发展和古代样品的逐步丰富,目前对家马起源驯化过程、群体遗传结构等方面的研究越来越深入。本文从核基因、mtDNA、Y染色体、古DNA等不同层面综述了家马起源与驯化历史方面的研究进展,从品种分化状况、群体演化特征等方面讨论了现代家马品种的群体遗传结构,最后总结了马匹毛色、速度、体型等重要表型性状的遗传基础,以期为今后家马的起源驯化研究、种质资源保护与开发、品种优化方向、现代马业发展等方面提供参考。

关键词: 家马, 驯化, 起源, 表型性状

Abstract:

The horse (Equus caballus) was domesticated thousands of years after dog, cattle, pig, sheep, and goat. Importantly, it represents the domestic animal that mostly impacted the development of human civilization. Its excellent loading and moving ability prompted the changes from fixed farming mode into mobile sharing mode. Accordingly, its domestication history deserves considerable attention. So far, many issues have long been controversial, due to the extinction of the closest wild relatives and the dramatic reduction of genetic diversity. With the continuous development of sequencing technology and the utilization of ancient samples, we got more clues to the origin and domestication process. In this review, we summarize 1) current progresses on the domestication history revealed by nuclear genes, mtDNA, Y chromosome, and ancient DNA, 2) the characteristics of population structure and diversification among modern breeds, 3) the genetic basis of important phenotypes, such as coat color, speed, and body size. The overall aim of the review is to provide in-depth insights into the studies of horse domestication, the preservation and utilization of genetic resources, the direction of breeding improvement, and the development of modern horse industry in future.

Key words: horse, domestication, origin, phenotype