家马的起源历史与品种驯化特征

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.21-260

遗传 ›› 2022, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 216-229.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.21-260

家马的起源历史与品种驯化特征

付孟(), 李艳

省部共建云南生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室,云南大学生命科学学院,昆明 650091

收稿日期:2021-07-19 修回日期:2021-11-11 出版日期:2022-03-20 发布日期:2022-01-27
作者简介:付孟,在读硕士研究生,专业方向：动物学。E-mail: 2461849250@qq.com
基金资助:
中国科学院先导A项目编号(XDA2004010302);国家自然科学基金项目(32070600);云南省中青年学术带头人后备人才基金项目资助编号(2018HB033)

The origin and domestication history of domestic horses and the domestication characteristics of breeds

Meng Fu(), Yan Li

State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China

Received:2021-07-19 Revised:2021-11-11 Online:2022-03-20 Published:2022-01-27
Supported by:
Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences No(XDA2004010302);the National Natural Science Foundation of China No(32070600);the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province No(2018HB033)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在家犬(Canis lupus familiaris)、牛(Bos taurus)、猪(Sus scrofa domesticus)、绵羊(Ovis aries)、山羊(Capra hircus)等家养动物之后,家马(Equus caballus)才被人类成功驯化。虽然驯化历史很短,但其对人类社会文明发展变革的影响却最大。家马出色的负重移动能力使人类社会由固定的农耕模式向移动分享模式过渡,使历史发展进入了快车道,因此其起源驯化历史一直备受关注。然而由于家马直系同源野生种早已灭绝,加之现代品种化培育引起遗传多样性骤减,使得相关研究长期争议不断。随着测序技术的不断发展和古代样品的逐步丰富,目前对家马起源驯化过程、群体遗传结构等方面的研究越来越深入。本文从核基因、mtDNA、Y染色体、古DNA等不同层面综述了家马起源与驯化历史方面的研究进展,从品种分化状况、群体演化特征等方面讨论了现代家马品种的群体遗传结构,最后总结了马匹毛色、速度、体型等重要表型性状的遗传基础,以期为今后家马的起源驯化研究、种质资源保护与开发、品种优化方向、现代马业发展等方面提供参考。

关键词: 家马, 驯化, 起源, 表型性状

Abstract:

The horse (Equus caballus) was domesticated thousands of years after dog, cattle, pig, sheep, and goat. Importantly, it represents the domestic animal that mostly impacted the development of human civilization. Its excellent loading and moving ability prompted the changes from fixed farming mode into mobile sharing mode. Accordingly, its domestication history deserves considerable attention. So far, many issues have long been controversial, due to the extinction of the closest wild relatives and the dramatic reduction of genetic diversity. With the continuous development of sequencing technology and the utilization of ancient samples, we got more clues to the origin and domestication process. In this review, we summarize 1) current progresses on the domestication history revealed by nuclear genes, mtDNA, Y chromosome, and ancient DNA, 2) the characteristics of population structure and diversification among modern breeds, 3) the genetic basis of important phenotypes, such as coat color, speed, and body size. The overall aim of the review is to provide in-depth insights into the studies of horse domestication, the preservation and utilization of genetic resources, the direction of breeding improvement, and the development of modern horse industry in future.

Key words: horse, domestication, origin, phenotype

付孟, 李艳. 家马的起源历史与品种驯化特征[J]. 遗传, 2022, 44(3): 216-229.

Meng Fu, Yan Li. The origin and domestication history of domestic horses and the domestication characteristics of breeds[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2022, 44(3): 216-229.

图/表 3

图1

表1

表2

现代马主要品种介绍"

	品种
	奎特马^[66] (Quarter horse)	美国花马^[66](American Paint horse)	安达卢西亚马^[66](Andalusian horse)	田纳西走马^[66](Tennessee Walker horse)	摩根马^[66](Morgan horse)	汉诺威马^[66](Hanoverian horse)	奥尔洛夫快步马^[66](Orlov Trotter horse)
别称	四分之一英里马	油漆马	无	无	无	无	无
体型	轻型马,150~160 cm	轻型马,150~160 cm	轻型马, 约152 cm	轻型马,150~160 cm	轻型马,142~152 cm	轻型马, 约162 cm	轻型马, 约160 cm
毛发	各种单一颜色	花色	骝色、灰色	各种单一颜色	单一颜色,灰色除外	各种单一颜色	灰色、黑色、骝色
地理起源	美国	美国	西班牙	美国	美国	德国	俄罗斯
特点	头部短而宽,口吻短,耳小,鼻孔大,眼睛间距宽,颌骨宽而界限分明。颈丰满、中等长度,颈脊薄。髋部较宽,臀腰部肌肉发达。	体型强壮有力,腰臀部强壮,体被大面积且不规则的斑块,每匹花马都具有独特的毛色。	颈部短,肌肉发达,肩部宽阔而健壮,速度不是很快,但机敏好动,波浪卷的鬃毛,世界上最古老也是最纯正的马种之一。	头干燥,耳朵小,颈长。肩和腰角长而斜,背短,肷强健,躯干比较短,给人一种方形的外貌。	尾长而优雅,耳小,性情温顺且稳定,外形精致紧凑,腰臀发育非常好,跗关节距离地面较低。	中等大小的头,胸部富有肌肉,胸线较深,有力且对称的四肢和大的关节,是有名的跳跃表演马和花式骑术表演马。	颈部长,肩隆较低背部直,身体长,臀腰部宽阔有力,四肢长,体型高而轻,整体的比例关系很协调。
分布	美国	美国	西班牙赫雷斯	美国田纳西州	美国麻萨诸塞州和佛蒙特州	德国汉诺威	北部欧亚大陆
别称	蒙古野马	百色石山矮马	西汉,乌孙马^[82]	无	无	无		无
体型	126~134 cm	小型马,<106 cm	131~139 cm	轻型马, 144~152 cm	轻型马, 约152 cm	轻型马, 160~162 cm		重型马, 162~172 cm
毛发	青色、骝色、黑色较多	骝色较多,粟毛、青毛、黑毛等次之	骝色、栗色、黑色较多,青色次之	各种单一颜色	金属般的栗色	各种单一颜色		黑色、骝色、灰色
地理起源	中国	中国	中国	阿拉伯半岛	土库曼斯坦	英国		英国
特点	可分为乌珠穆沁马、百岔马、乌审马、阿巴嘎马、锡尼河马等。头大颈短,前胸丰满、胸深肋拱圆,腹大,腰背平直,四肢粗短,身低躯广。	头长而清秀,额宽适中,眼大而圆,鼻翼开张灵活,颈长短适中,胸宽而深,腹部圆大,蹄质坚实。	骨骼粗实、结构匀称,头中等大、略长,显粗重,多直颈,腰背平直,腹部圆大,关节明显,后躯发育较差,肷稍长,是一种古老的地方品种。	头小清秀,眼大,颈直,额宽,肩隆不突起,略凹的背部,肚围较深,四肢细,对世界上其他家马的形成具有重要影响。	头细颈高,眼大,两耳间的距离很宽,长、窄、管状的身体,肌肉发达,腿细而长,能在沙漠中越过特别长的距离,是跳跃和花式骑术用马。	体质干燥细致,身悍力强,骨骼修长,身材结实,腰臀有力,后腿长,速度快,是非常优秀的骑乘马品种,最有商业价值的品种之一。		两眼间距较宽,眼睛大而和善,鼻子为凸型,颈部较长,肩部宽,身体短而厚实,以力量著称,可能是挽马品种中最重的一种。
分布	中国内蒙古自治区,蒙古高原等地	中国广西壮族自治区	中国新疆维吾尔族自治区	阿拉伯半岛,沙特阿拉伯,也门等地	北部欧亚大陆,土库曼斯坦	英国		英国英格兰,米德兰

表2

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	生物学分类				畜牧学分类			冷热血统分类
	草原种	沙漠种	山地种	森林种	挽用型	乘用型	兼用型	冷血统	热血统	温血统
代表品种	蒙古马、哈萨克马	阿拉伯马、阿克哈-塔克马	百色马、宁强马、卡巴金马	雅库特马、爱沙尼亚马	阿尔登马、比利时重挽马	纯血马、阿拉伯马	三河马	阿尔登马、苏维埃重挽马	阿拉伯马、阿克哈-塔克马	阿尔登马、苏维埃重挽马
特点	分布在世界上广阔的草原区,由于年昼夜栖息于草原上过群牧生活	生活在干燥沙漠地带的马,体格较轻	性格机敏,善走山路	生活在气候较冷的森林地带的马	挽用	乘用	未经过专门化选育的地方品种	类型为中悍或下悍,主要用于农用或运输	主要是指高度培育、较悍威、血统纯正的轻型马品种	体型高大,性情温顺,马术用马

家马的起源历史与品种驯化特征

The origin and domestication history of domestic horses and the domestication characteristics of breeds

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