遗传 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (1): 3-25.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.25-146

• 专家共识 • 上一篇    下一篇

人类染色体多态性的形态特征与判断标准及遗传咨询专家共识

翁炳焕1(), 傅松滨2, 蒋宇林3, 王和4, 蔡光伟5, 朱宝生6, 郝娜3, 黄荷凤1(), 贺林7()   

  1. 1.浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院,生殖遗传教育部重点实验室,杭州 310006
    2.哈尔滨医科大学,中国遗传资源保护与疾病防控教育部重点实验室,哈尔滨 150081
    3.中国医学科学院北京协和医院,国家妇产疾病临床医学研究中心,北京 100730
    4. 四川大学华西第二医院,医学遗传科/产前诊断中心,成都 610041
    5.香港中文大学,医学院妇产科学系产前遗传诊断中心,香港 999077
    6.云南省第一人民医院&昆明理工大学医学遗传科,国家卫生健康委员会西部优生与出生缺陷防控重点实验室,云南省出生缺陷与遗传病研究重点实验室,昆明 650032
    7.上海交通大学,Bio-X研究院,上海 200030
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-29 修回日期:2025-10-09 出版日期:2025-10-29 发布日期:2025-10-29
  • 通讯作者: 翁炳焕,博士,主任技师,研究方向:细胞遗传学。E-mail: 5503006@zju.edu.cn;
    黄荷凤,硕士,主任医师,教授,中国科学院院士,研究方向:生殖遗传学。E-mail: huanghefg@hotmail.com;
    贺林,博士,教授,中国科学院院士,研究方向:人类遗传学。E-mail: helin@sjtu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目资助(81671467)

Expert consensus on the morphological characteristics diagnostic criteria and genetic counseling of human chromosomal polymorphisms

Binghuan Weng1(), Songbin Fu2, Yulin Jiang3, He Wang4, Kwongwai Choy5, Baosheng Zhu6, Na Hao3, Hefeng Huang1(), Lin He7()   

  1. 1. Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
    2. Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China
    3. National Clinical Research Center of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
    4. Department of Medical Genetics/Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
    5. Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, China
    6. Department of Medical Genetics, NHC Key Laboratory of Healthy Birth and Birth Defect Prevention in Western China, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Genetic Disease Research of Yunnan Province, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province & Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
    7. Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
  • Received:2025-07-29 Revised:2025-10-09 Published:2025-10-29 Online:2025-10-29
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(81671467)

摘要:

核型分析作为产前诊断常规项目应用于遗传学诊断和遗传咨询。染色体多态性在核型分析中很常见,但因缺乏以图示为参照的多态性判断标准,使各实验室对同一染色体变异是否应判断为多态性以及用什么符号表达多态性存在差异,从而影响核型分析报告的互认及多态性的临床解读。本共识通过采集已确诊的各种多态性核型图,研究其在不同显带技术中的形态特征,比较各种多态性的G带、C带和N带的特征异同,确认多态性G带特征,并参照《人类细胞基因组学国际命名体系(ISCN 2024)》(An International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature,ISCN 2024)进行多态性归类,提出判断标准、鉴别流程、知情告知和临床解读模式,以规范多态性判别,促进核型分析报告互认,确保遗传咨询结果一致,解决本行业长期困扰的多态性判断标准缺乏和同一多态性被不同解读的遗传咨询问题。

关键词: 染色体多态性, 核型分析, 遗传咨询, 专家共识

Abstract:

Karyotype analysis is a routine prenatal diagnostic procedure in genetic diagnosis and counseling. Chromosomal polymorphisms are frequently observed in karyotyping. However, the absence of standardized criteria for defining polymorphisms has led to inconsistencies across laboratories in determining whether a specific chromosomal variant should be classified as a polymorphism and how it should be symbolized. This lack of consensus hinders the mutual recognition of karyotype reports and complicates the clinical interpretation of polymorphisms. In this expert consensus, we collected cases confirmed of various polymorphic karyotypes, examined their morphological features under different banding techniques, and compared the characteristics of G-, C-, and N-bands across polymorphism types. Based on these comparisons, we established defining features of polymorphic G-bands and categorized the polymorphisms in accordance with the International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature (ISCN 2024). We further propose criteria for the identification, stepwise diagnostic procedures, models for informed consent, and frameworks for clinical interpretation. This consensus aims to standardize the recognition of chromosomal polymorphisms, facilitate the standardization of karyotype reports, promote consistency in genetic counseling, and address long-standing challenges in the field—such as the lack of uniform standards for polymorphism classification and divergent interpretations of the same variant in genetic counseling.

Key words: chromosome polymorphism, karyotype analysis, genetic counseling, expert consensus