中国遗传资源数字序列信息专门权的体系建构

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.25-305

遗传 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 557-569.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.25-305

中国遗传资源数字序列信息专门权的体系建构

张文斐¹(), 杨菲²(), 周贤桀³

¹ 华中农业大学文法学院，农业农村法治创新研究中心，武汉 430070
² 山东大学法学院，青岛 266237
³ 南开大学法学院，天津 300350

收稿日期:2025-11-25 修回日期:2026-02-25 出版日期:2026-03-12 发布日期:2026-03-12
通讯作者: 张文斐。
作者简介:张文斐，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向：遗传资源保护与利用。E-mail: zhangwenfei@mail.hzau.edu.cn
杨菲，硕士研究生，专业方向：遗传资源保护与利用。E-mail: yangfei30555@mail.sdu.edu.cn
第一联系人：
张文斐和杨菲并列第一作者。
基金资助:
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(23YJC820055);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金资助项目(2662025WFPY001)

System construction for sui generis right of digital sequence information on genetic resources in China

Wenfei Zhang¹(), Fei Yang²(), Xianjie Zhou³

¹ College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Agricultural and Rural Rule of Law Innovation Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
² School of Law, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
³ School of Law, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China

Received:2025-11-25 Revised:2026-02-25 Published:2026-03-12 Online:2026-03-12
Supported by:
Research Youth Foundation of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education of China(23YJC820055);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662025WFPY001)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

遗传资源数字序列信息在提高作物产量和减少疫病影响的研究中发挥着日益重要的作用，但其权利保护体系尚不完善，阻碍了遗传资源的保护与利用，制约了《生物多样性公约》所确立的公平公正惠益分享目标的实现。针对上述问题，本文首先通过界定遗传资源数字序列信息的内涵与属性，阐明了其与以信息为客体的现代知识产权制度具有内在的契合性，并论证了其受知识产权保护应满足新颖性、实用性的实体条件以及必要的注册登记程序条件。在此基础上，揭示了现行知识产权模式的适用困境，提出了遗传资源数字序列信息专门权的规范构造方案。方案将专门权的主体划分为两个层次：静态的权利归属于国家；动态的权利由特定社区的农民集体和数字序列信息的上传者依不同权能分别行使。权利人享有基于许可的知情同意权、来源标示权和惠益分享权，同时设置适用范围、强制许可、保护期限等权利限制制度。该方案对实现权益平衡、促进动植物育种创新及遗传多样性保护具有重要意义。

关键词: 遗传资源数字序列信息, 专门权, 知情同意, 来源标示, 惠益分享

Abstract:

Digital sequence information on genetic resources plays an increasingly vital role in research on improving crop yields and reducing impacts of disease. However, there are still problems such as the imperfect rights’ protection system, which hinders the protection and sustainable use of genetic resources and constrains the realization of the fair and equitable benefit-sharing objectives established by the Convention on Biological Diversity. To address these issues, we first define the connotation and legal nature of digital sequence information on genetic resources. Then, we elaborate how digital sequence information on genetic resources aligns with the modern intellectual property systems. For digital sequence information on genetic resources to be protected by intellectual property rights, we analyze the substantive conditions of novelty and practicality as well as the procedural conditions of registration. Building on this analysis, we identify the limitations of existing intellectual property frameworks in accommodating digital sequence information on genetic resources, and propose a normative structure of sui generis right of digital sequence information on genetic resources. The subjects of sui generis right are divided into two levels, i.e. static right attributed to the state, and dynamic right exercised by the farmer collective of specific communities and the uploaders of digital sequence information, exercising respectively in accordance with different functions. The contents of sui generis right include the informed consent right, the source indication right and benefit-sharing right based on licensing. Furthermore, we propose to establish the limitations on sui generis right, such as restriction on scope of application, compulsory licensing and protection periods. This framework established here is of great significance for achieving the balance of rights and interests, promoting innovation in plant breeding and protecting genetic diversity.

Key words: digital sequence information on genetic resources, sui generis rights, informed consent, source indication, benefit-sharing

张文斐, 杨菲, 周贤桀. 中国遗传资源数字序列信息专门权的体系建构[J]. 遗传, 2026, 48(6): 557-569.

Wenfei Zhang, Fei Yang, Xianjie Zhou. System construction for sui generis right of digital sequence information on genetic resources in China[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2026, 48(6): 557-569.

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序号		解决方案
方案0		维持现状
方案1		将遗传资源数字序列信息视同遗传资源
方案2	2.1	各国自行制定标准材料转移协定/许可证
方案2	2.2	国际统一制定标准材料转移协定/许可证
方案3	3.1	付费使用遗传资源数字序列信息
方案3	3.2	其他为遗传资源数字序列信息付款和捐款方式
方案4		加强科技合作和能力建设
方案5		不分享遗传资源数字序列信息使用产生的惠益

遗传资源获取及利用情形	知情同意权	来源标示权	惠益分享权
获取遗传材料	适用	适用	不适用
将遗传资源数字序列信息上传数据库	适用	适用	不适用
使用遗传资源数字序列信息	不适用	适用	不适用
使用者根据开源协议将信息衍生品上传数据库	不适用	适用	不适用
将利用遗传资源数字序列信息所得产品商业化	不适用	适用	适用

中国遗传资源数字序列信息专门权的体系建构

System construction for sui generis right of digital sequence information on genetic resources in China

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