随着拟南芥、水稻等模式植物基因组测序计划的完成, 比较基因组学作为一门新兴学科, 近年来发展迅速, 为植物基因组的进化、结构和功能研究开辟了新的途径。文章综述了比较基因组学在作物比较遗传作图、基因结构区域的微共线性、ESTs和蛋白质水平的比较以及基于比较基因组学的基因和QTL的克隆等方面内容与研究进展, 分析了不同水平上比较基因组学研究策略的原理、特点、可行性, 以期为利用模式生物的基因和基因组数据、采用比较基因组学策略克隆作物重要性状功能基因、阐明基因组结构与进化提供帮助。

With the completion of the model plant genome sequencing projects such as Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa L.), comparative genomics has been developed rapidly in recent years. As a new branch of science, this technique has offered a new approach for studying plant genome evolution, structure and function. In this paper, the research strategies, such as comparative genetic mapping, microcollinearity study in gene structure, comparative research on the ESTs and proteins, comparative QTL mapping among crops, and comparative map-based cloning of genes, were summarized. We reviewed the principles, characteristics, feasibilities and progresses of various strategies that were used in plant comparative genomics. It would be helpful to use the sequence data from model plants to elucidate the structure and function of other crop genomes.