在啮齿动物的生存竞争中, 鼠类是最成功的一类。尤其是小鼠, 一直以来受到生物学专家的广泛关注。因为对小鼠的研究最为透彻, 致使它在实验室中有多方面应用, 同时小鼠是研究其他生物的好材料。文章综合现代遗传学的各种遗传标记(蛋白质、mtDNA、rDNA等), 更深入地探讨了小鼠属和田鼠属物种间的系统发生, 并进一步阐述了这2个属物种的分类和进化问题, 同时指出这2个属中某些物种的分类和系统发生地位仍需进一步的研究。

Muriod is the most successful one among rodents struggling for existence, and biologists have been paying much attention to it, especially Mus musculus. Because of the thorough study on Mus musculus, it has been widely applied in lab, and becomes a good material for studying other animals. Phylogenetic relationship between different species and populations of Mus and Microtus are more clearly revealed with some genetic markers of modern genetics, such as protein, mtDNA, and rDNA. Taxonomy and evolution of species of both genus have also been revealed. Whereas the taxonomy and genetic relationships of some species and populations between both genus need to be further studied.