对动物体内单个细胞的谱系进行分析有助于追踪其在发育过程中的作用, 但是体内各种组织都是由很多形态、结构、功能各不相同的细胞构成的复杂系统, 这种复杂性严重阻碍了对单个细胞的研究。嵌合克隆技术(Mosaic technique)和标记技术(Labeling technique)的出现为这一研究提供了强有力的手段。文章介绍了近几年来黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)研究中常用的7种嵌合克隆标记方法, 包括FRT介导的有丝分裂重组(FRT-mediated mitotic recombination)、MARCM (Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker)、TSG (Twin spot generator)、Twin-spot MARCM、Q-MARCM (Q system-based MARCM)、Coupled MARCM和G-TRACE(Gal4 technique for real-time and clonal expression)技术, 详述了这些技术的原理及应用, 并对不同技术进行了对比。运用这些技术研究者可以从单细胞水平进行遗传学标记和操作, 特别是在神经系统等复杂系统中追踪单个细胞的发育过程。果蝇中的这些技术也将为其他模式生物追踪细胞谱系提供参考。
Lineage analysis of a single cell provides a powerful mean to delineate its functions during animal development, which, however, has been hindered by the complex nature of tissues that consist of many different types of cells with divergent morphologies, structures and functions. Mosaic technique and various labeling methods have provided ideal genetic tools for such studies. In this review, we described seven lineage analysis techniques that have been generally applied in Drosophila melanogaster, including FRT-mediated mitotic recombination, MARCM (Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker), TSG (Twin spot generator), Twin-spot MARCM, Q-MARCM (Q system-based MARCM), Cou-pled MARCM, and G-TRACE (Gal4 technique for real-time and clonal expression). These techniques enable researchers to perform genetic manipulations at a single cell level, and trace its development in complicated systems such as the nervous system. These methods may also be applied to lineage analysis in other model organisms.
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