相对于种质资源的异位保护, 作物地方品种的农家保护和利用作为植物种质资源保护方法被提出, 但是, 关于这种方法的有效性却知之甚少。文章采用问卷式和农村参与式调查评价方法(PRA), 通过对云南省15个特有少数民族分布的11个州(市)、36个县、124乡(镇)、237个行政村中的306个村寨(村小组), 针对当前农家保护的稻、麦(包括小麦、大麦、燕麦和黑麦)和玉米地方品种多样性进行实地调查分析, 结果发现已有44.8%的村寨稻地方品种丢失, 77.5%的村寨麦地方品种丢失, 37.3%的村寨玉米地方品种丢失。共调查采集到农家保护的地方品种901个, 其中稻、麦和玉米分别为371、119和411个。每个村寨均有农家保护的地方品种(平均为2.9个), 平均每100户农户、1 000人和100 Ha耕地面积分别有3.3个、8.0个和5.2个地方品种。其中, 尤以西盟县勐梭镇里拉村委会老缅小组有18个地方品种(包括10个稻和8个玉米), 元阳县新街镇土戈寨村委会箐口村有14个稻地方品种最为突出, 实属少见。同时, 各民族农家保护的地方品种多样性存在显著差异, 变幅为16～120个, 其中, 稻在各民族中的分布变幅最大, 为1～72个, 主要分布于滇南、滇西南热带、亚热带民族地区; 麦变幅次之, 为0～47个, 主要分布于滇西、滇西北高海拔、温凉民族地区, 且在傣族、基诺族和阿昌族等3个民族中已丢失; 玉米变幅最小, 为4～40个, 最均匀。总之, 各民族农家保护地方品种的主要驱动力是满足该民族传统文化习俗的生活需求, 以及由于缺乏适宜当地特殊生境的新品种以满足生产需求。因此, 云南特有少数民族地区是开展农家保护研究的理想基地, 建议在该区域选择一定村寨建立地方品种农家保护示范区, 同时加强对当前农家保护的地方品种的高效利用研究。
On-farm conservation and utilization of crop landraces have been proposed as means of conserving plant germplasm, in contrast to ex situ germplasm conservation, but little is known about the effectiveness of this approach. This paper reports the findings from a survey conducted in 15 unique ethnic groups of the Yunnan Province on the conservation and utilization of paddy rice, wheat (including wheat, barley, oats, and rye) and maize landrace varieties through participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and questionnaires. The surveyed regions covered 306 villages (the village group) from 237 administrative villages in 124 towns (township) distributed in 36 counties of 11 prefectures (city) in Yunnan Province. The survey showed that 44.8%, 77.5%, and 37.3% of the visited villages had lost their paddy rice, wheat, and maize landraces, respectively. A total of 901 landraces were collected, including 371 rice, 119 wheat, and 411 maize varieties, respectively. There were 2.9 on-farm varieties on average per village, 3.3, 8.0 and 5.2 varieties on average per 100 households, 1 000 peasants and 100 Ha farmland areas, respectively. Among the 306 villages, two villages (Laomian and Qingkou) maintained the highest crop diversity with 18 varieties (including 10 rice and 8 maize varieties) and 14 paddy rice varieties. Also, on-farm varieties in different ethnic groups varied significantly from each other, ranging from 16 to 120 varieties per group. The diversity of paddy rice varieties was the highest, ranging from 1 to 72, and the diversity was mainly distributed in southern, southwest Yunnan of tropical, subtropical ethnic regions. The wheat varieties ranged from 0 to 47 and distributed in northern, northwest Yunnan of high altitude, temperature, and cold ethnic regions. The maize varieties ranged from 4 to 40. These patterns of variation in on-farm varieties are directly associated with traditional culture and custom for the ethnic minorities and reflect the lack of improved varieties for the local special environments. These findings confirm the role of on-farm conservation in plant genetic resources in China and provide baseline information for better on-farm conservation and utilization of plant germplasm in China.
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