斑马鱼因其受精卵体外发育、胚胎透明、具有较强的再生能力以及适于大规模遗传筛选的优势, 成为研究脊椎动物器官发育与再生的新兴模式动物。通过数十年的探索, 科研工作者已经在斑马鱼中建立了一套成熟的研究方法, 并对斑马鱼胚胎发育早期的细胞命运决定和分化、组织器官的形态建成以及受损后的再生过程有了初步的认识。近年来, 随着遗传筛选技术的大规模开展和活体成像技术在斑马鱼中的深入应用, 许多在小鼠等模式动物中悬而未决的问题开始得到充分解答。随着研究的不断深化和技术的不断更新, 以斑马鱼为模式动物, 对脊椎动物器官发育与再生的研究将会更加深入, 相关的调控机制也会被逐步探明, 从而为临床相关疾病的防治提供富有价值的参考。文章通过对近年来发表的文章进行回顾, 总结了斑马鱼作为模式动物研究中枢神经系统、肝脏和胰腺、血液细胞和血管等重要器官早期发育过程及其调控机制的进展, 并阐述了以斑马鱼研究尾鳍、心脏、肝脏等器官再生的优势和初步发现。
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is becoming more and more popular as a model organism to study vertebrate organogenesis and regeneration, taking the advantage of its extra-uterine development, transparency, strong regeneration ability and suitability for the large scale genetic screen. In the past decades, a series of useful methods have been established in zebrafish, which allows studies of important questions in developmental biology including cell fate determination, dif-ferentiation, morphogenesis, and regeneration after tissue/organ injury. Recently, using large scale mutagenesis screen and improved live imaging techniques, many questions that had not been well understood in mice have been successfully investigated in zebrafish. Therefore, we are confident that the zebrafish model system will further help decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms of organogenesis and regeneration in the future, providing valuable references for the treatment of related clinical diseases. This review just summarized the progress in the studies of the important organs development using zebrafish, such as central nervous system(CNS), liver and pancreas, blood and vessel, recently. Meanwhile, the updated informations about the regeneration of tail fin, heart, liver, retina and so on in zebrafish were also included in this paper.
[1] Grunwald DJ, Eisen JS. Headwaters of the zebrafish -- emergence of a new model vertebrate. Nat Rev Genet, 2002, 3(9): 717-724.
[2] Chu J, Sadler KC. New school in liver development: lessons from zebrafish. Hepatology, 2009, 50(5): 1656-1663.
[3] Kimmel CB, Ballard WW, Kimmel SR, Ullmann B, Schilling TF. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn, 1995, 203(3): 253-310.
[4] Poss KD, Ke/ating MT, Nechiporuk A. Tales of regeneration in zebrafish. Dev Dyn, 2003, 226(2): 202-210.
[5] Streisinger G, Walker C, Dower N, Knauber D, Singer F. Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio). Nature, 1981, 291(5813): 293-296.
[6] Driever W, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Neuhauss SC, Malicki J, Stemple DL, Stainier DY, Zwartkruis F, Abdelilah S, Rangini Z, Belak J, Boggs C. A genetic screen for mutations affecting embryogenesis in zebrafish. Development, 1996, 123: 37-46.
[7] Haffter P, Granato M, Brand M, Mullins MC, Hammerschmidt M, Kane DA, Odenthal J, van Eeden FJ, Jiang YJ, Heisenberg CP, Kelsh RN, Furutani-Seiki M, Vogelsang E, Beuchle D, Schach U, Fabian C, Nüsslein-Volhard C. The identification of genes with unique and essential functions in the development of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development, 1996, 123: 1-36.
[8] Du Ls, Xu J, Li XL, Ma N, Liu YM, Peng JR, Osato M, Zhang WQ, Wen ZL. Rumba and Haus3 are essential factors for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells during zebrafish hematopoiesis. Development, 2011, 138(4): 619-629.
[9] Chen J, Ruan H, Ng SM, Gao C, Soo HM, Wu W, Zhang ZH, Wen ZL, Lane DP, Peng JR. Loss of function of def selectively up-regulates Δ113p53 expression to arrest expansion growth of digestive organs in zebrafish. Genes Dev, 2005, 19(23): 2900-2911.
[10] Huang P, Xiao A, Zhou MG, Zhu ZY, Lin S, Zhang B. Heritable gene targeting in zebrafish using customized TALENs. Nat Biotechnol, 2011, 29(8): 699-700.
[11] King A. Researchers find their Nemo. Cell, 2009, 139(5): 843-846.
[12] Zu Y, Tong XJ, Wang ZX, Liu D, Pan RC, Li Z, Hu YY, Luo Z, Huang P, Wu Q, Zhu ZY, Zhang B, Lin S. TALEN-mediated precise genome modification by homologous recombination in zebrafish. Nat Methods, 2013, doi:10.1038/nmeth.2374.
[13] Hwang WY, Fu YF, Reyon D, Maeder ML, Tsai SQ, Sander JD, Peterson RT, Yeh JRJ, Joung JK. Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat Biotechnol, 2013, 31(3): 227-229.
[14] Le GD, Redd MJ, Colucci-Guyon E, Murayama E, Kissa K, Briolat V, Mordelet E, Zapata A, Shinomiya H, Herbomel P. Origins and unconventional behavior of neutrophils in developing zebrafish. Blood, 2008, 111(1): 132-141.
[15] Zhong TP, Childs S, Leu JP, Fishman MC. Gridlock signalling pathway fashions the first embryonic artery. Nature, 2001, 414(6860): 216-220.
[16] Hatta K, Tsujii H, Omura T. Cell tracking using a photoconvertible fluorescent protein. Nat Protoc, 2006, 1(2): 960-967.
[17] Subach FV, Patterson GH, Manley S, Gillette JM, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Verkhusha VV. Photoactivatable mCherry for high-resolution two-color fluorescence microscopy. Nat Methods, 2009, 6(2): 153-159.
[18] Jin H, Xu J, Wen ZL. Migratory path of definitive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells during zebrafish development. Blood, 2007, 109(12): 5208-5214.
[19] Kohli V, Rehn K, Sumanas S. Single cell fate mapping in zebrafish. J Vis Exp, 2011, (56): 3172.
[20] Herbomel P, Levraud JP. Imaging early macrophage differentiation, migration, and behaviors in live zebrafish embryos. Methods Mol Med, 2005, 105: 199-214.
[21] Passeri MJ, Cinaroglu A, Gao C, Sadler KC. Hepatic steatosis in response to acute alcohol exposure in zebrafish requires sterol regulatory element binding protein activation.
