蚕桑丝绸是我国人民的伟大发明,是中华民族的重要文化标识,我国也长期保持着世界产业中心的地位。家蚕早期遗传育种研究高度发达,形成了完善、科学的蚕种繁育和保存体系,但是也提前进入了育种技术的发展瓶颈,如传统遗传资源已被充分挖掘,品种同质化程度高等。进入21世纪以来,我国蚕桑丝绸产业面临着前所未有的巨大挑战。近年来,随着分子生物学、基因组学、转基因、基因组编辑技术的蓬勃发展及其快速应用,家蚕遗传育种迎来了良好的发展势头。本文综述了家蚕遗传育种的发展历程,尤其是转基因和基因组编辑技术在现代家蚕品种改良中的应用潜力和现状,展望和讨论了家蚕遗传育种未来研究和应用的重点。

Sericulture is one of the great inventions of the Chinese people and has become an important cultural feature of China. As China is the long-lasting center of silk production, genetic breeding of silkworm was highly developed historically, and has formed a comprehensive system for breeding and preservation of new varieties. However, silkworm breeding reached a bottleneck recently, because most of the traditional genetic resources have been utilized and silkworm strains have become homogeneous. Meanwhile, sericulture in China meets huge challenges in the 21^st century. In recent years, with the development and rapid application of molecular biology, genomics, transgene and genome editing, silkworm genetic breeding has entered a new era. In this review, we summarize the development of silkworm genetic breeding, especially the progress and perspective of transgene and genome editing in genetic engineering of silkworms. We also discuss the future development of silkworm genetic breeding.