Karrikins是从野火烟中发现的一类具有促进某些植物种子(如拟南芥、野燕麦)萌发的信号分子。自2004年其结构首次被解析以来,目前已经发现6种不同形式的Karrikin,其活性各有不同。虽然Karrikins被发现的时间较短,但其已成为植物分子生物学领域的研究热点。研究发现,Karrikins除促进种子萌发以外,还具有调控植物光形态建成、叶片发生等过程等生物学功能;此外,Karrikins与植物激素独脚金内酯(Strigolactone)在结构、信号传导通路等方面具有非常高的相似性。本文从Karrikins的发现史、信号传导通路、生物学功能及生态学意义等方面综述了其最新的研究进展,并探讨了Karrikins领域未来的研究方向。
Karrikins are a class of signaling molecules discovered in wildfire smoke, which can significantly promote seed germination in some species (such as Arabidopsis and Avena fatua). The structures of Karrikins were first elucidated in 2004. At present, six different types of Karrikins have been documented, and their biological activities vary significantly. So far, studies for Karrikins have become a hot spot in the plant molecular biology field. Recent advances demonstrate that Karrikins regulate plant photomorphogenesis and leaf differentiation effectively, in addition to the effect on seed germination. Furthermore, Karrikins share highly similar molecular structures and signaling transduction pathways with strigolactone. In this review, we summarize the history of discovery, signaling transduction pathways, physiological functions and ecological significance of Karrikins, and further discuss the future research directions.
[1] Benková E, Michniewicz M, Sauer M, Teichmann T, Seifertová D, Jürgens G, Friml J. Local, efflux-dependent auxin gradients as a common module for plant organ formation. Cell , 2003, 115(5): 591-602.
[2] Bohn-Courseau I. Auxin: a major regulator of organogenesis. C R Biol , 2010, 333(4): 290-296.
[3] Woodward AW, Bartel B. Auxin: regulation, action, and interaction. Ann Bot , 2005, 95(5): 707-735.
[4] Yamauchi Y, Ogawa M, Kuwahara A, Hanada A, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S. Activation of gibberellin biosynthesis and response pathways by low temperature during imbibition of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Plant Cell , 2004, 16(2): 367-378.
[5] Yaxley JR, Ross JJ, Sherriff LJ, Reid JB. Gibberellin biosynthesis mutations and root development in pea. Plant Physiol , 2001, 125(2): 627-633.
[6] Feng SH, Martinez C, Gusmaroli G, Wang Y, Zhou JL, Wang F, Chen LY, Yu L, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Kircher S, Schäfer E, Fu XD, Fan LM, Deng XW. Coordinated regulation of Arabidopsisthaliana development by light and gibberellins. Nature , 2008, 451(7177): 475-479.
[7] de Lucas M, Davière JM, Rodríguez-Falcón M, Pontin M, Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Lorrain S, Fankhauser C, Blázquez MA, Titarenko E, Prat S. A molecular framework for light and gibberellin control of cell elongation. Nature , 2008, 451(7177): 480-484.
[8] Eriksson S, Bӧhlenius H, Moritz T, Nilsson O. GA 4 is the active gibberellin in the regulation of LEAFY transcription and Arabidopsis floral initiation. Plant Cell , 2006, 18(9): 2172-2181.
[9] Ohkuma K, Lyon JL, Addicott FT, Smith OE. Abscisin II, an abscission-accelerating substance from young cotton fruit. Science , 1963, 142(3599): 1592-1593.
[10] Liu WC, Carns HR. Isolation of abscisin, an abscission accelerating substance. Science , 1961, 134(3476): 384- 385.
[11] van Steveninck RFM. Abscission-accelerators in lupins ( Lupinus luteus L . ). Nature , 1959, 183(4670): 1246-1248.
[12] Ali-Rachedi S, Bouinot D, Wagner MH, Bonnet M, Sotta B, Grappin P, Jullien M. Changes in endogenous abscisic acid levels during dormancy release and maintenance of mature seeds: studies with the Cape Verde Islands ecotype, the dormant model of Arabidopsis thaliana . Planta , 2004, 219(3): 479-488.
[13] Karssen CM, Brinkhorst-van der Swan DLC, Breekland AE, Koornneef M. Induction of dormancy during seed development by endogenous abscisic acid: studies on abscisic acid deficient genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta , 1983, 157(2): 158-165.
[14] Mori IC, Murata Y, Yang YZ, Munemasa S, Wang YF, Andreoli S, Tiriac H, Alonso JM, Harper JF, Ecker JR, Kwak JM, Schroeder JI. CDPKs CPK6 and CPK3 function in ABA regulation of guard cell S-type anion- and Ca 2+ -permeable channels and stomatal closure. PLoS Biol , 2006, 4(10): e327.
[15] Mustilli AC, Merlot S, Vavasseur A, Fenzi F, Giraudat J. Arabidopsis OST1 protein kinase mediates the regulation of stomatal aperture by abscisic acid and acts upstream of reactive oxygen species production. Plant Cell , 2002, 14(12): 3089-3099.
[16] Beligni MV, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide stimulates seed germination and de-etiolation, and inhibits hypocotyl elongation, three light-inducible responses in plants. Planta , 2000, 210(2): 215-221.
[17] Bethke PC, Libourel IGL, Jones RL. Nitric oxide reduces seed dormancy in Arabidopsis . J Exp Bot , 2006,
57(3): 517-526.
[18] Pedroso MC, Magalhaes JR, Durzan D. A nitric oxide burst precedes apoptosis in angiosperm and gymnosperm callus cells and foliar tissues. J Exp Bot , 2000, 51(347): 1027-1036.
[19] Ma W, Smigel A, Walker RK, Moeder W, Yoshioka K, Berkowitz GA. Leaf senescence signaling: the Ca 2+ -conducting Arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide gated channel2 acts through nitric oxide to repress senescence programming. Plant Physiol , 2010, 154(2): 733-743.
[20] Raskin I. Salicylate, a new plant hormone
