黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)是研究生命科学的重要模式动物,基因组编辑技术的发展有助于人们更好地利用果蝇来进行遗传学、发育生物学、生物医学等领域的研究。从20世纪开始,果蝇基因组编辑技术经历了从随机突变到精确敲除、从单纯的基因突变体制作到多样化的基因组精确编辑的过程。甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl methanesulfonate, EMS)化学诱变是利用正向遗传学研究基因功能的重要手段,但是无法实现果蝇基因的精确敲除。基于同源重组建立的基因打靶技术首次实现对果蝇基因组任意位点的精确编辑,但效率较低。CRISPR/Cas9(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein)系统介导的果蝇基因组精确编辑相对于基因打靶技术具有简单、快速、高效的特点。本文以果蝇基因敲除为主线,系统阐述了果蝇基因组编辑技术的演化,着重论述了基因打靶、ZFN(Zinc-finger nucleases)、TALEN(Transcription activator-like effector nucleases)及CRISPR/Cas9技术的发展和应用。
Drosophila melanogaster, an important model organism for studying life science, has contributed more to the research of genetics, developmental biology and biomedicine with the development of genome editing techniques. Drosophila genome-editing techniques have evolved from random mutagenesis to precise genome editing and from simple mutant construction to diverse genome editing methods since the 20th century. Chemical mutagenesis, using Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), is an important technique to study gene function in forward genetics, however, the precise knockout of Drosophila genes could not be achieved. The gene targeting technology, based on homologous recombination, has accomplished the precise editing of Drosophila genome for the first time, but with low efficiency. The CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein)-mediated precise genome editing is simple, fast and highly efficient compared with the gene targeting technology in Drosophila. In this review, we focus on Drosophila gene knockout, and summarize the evolution of genome editing techniques in Drosophila, emphasizing the development and applications of gene targeting, zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques.
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