人类通过数千年的驯化和近代以来有计划性的育种,形成了当今多样化的畜禽品种,从而提供丰富的动物源性蛋白满足人类需求。在过去的100年里,数量遗传学应用于动物育种领域引发了畜禽育种技术的革命,但畜禽机体遗传发育体系相当复杂,一些性状仍然难以通过基于系谱的育种值进行高效选育,遗传潜能尚未充分发掘。人类基因组计划带来的理念和技术极大促进了畜禽基因组学的发展,使得人们可以从全基因组水平精准定位功能变异,挖掘功能元件的生物学意义,为畜禽分子设计育种提供重要的理论基础。本文对近10年来猪(Sus scrofa)、牛(Bos taurus)、牦牛(Bos grunniens)、山羊(Capra hircus)、绵羊(Ovis aries)、鸡(Gallus gallus)、鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)和鹅(Anser cygnoides)等主要畜禽的基因组学研究进展进行综述,分别从参考基因组构建和群体基因组学分析两个方面进行论述,并对畜禽基因组未来的研究工作进行了展望。

Various farm animal breeds have been domesticated and bred for thousands years, and they provide adequate animal-derived proteins to meet the human nutrition requirement. Although quantitative genetics was applied in animal breeding, which launched a technological revolution in the past century, a number of complex traits remain difficult to be selected based on pedigree derived breeding, due to complicated animal genetics and development mechanisms. Farm animal’s genetic potential hasn’t yet to be fully exploited. The concept and technology from the Human Genome Project have greatly promoted farm animal genomic researches. It is possible to fine map the causal variations at the whole genome level and then exploit their biological functions, thus providing the theoretical basis for molecular designed breeding. In this review, we summarize the genomics research progress of main farm animals during the past decade, including pigs, cattle, yaks, goats, sheep, chickens, ducks and geese. We focus on the reference genome sequencing and follow-up population-level genomic studies based on high throughput resequencing technologies, and meanwhile envision the future work of farm animal genomics.