鱼类性别决定和性分化呈多元性,既有雌雄同体也有雌雄异体。性腺的雌雄性分化过程受遗传和环境因素(如温度、光照、激素和pH值等)影响,具有可逆可塑性。随着生物技术和基因组学的迅速发展,近年来脊椎动物性别决定和性分化的研究有了重大进展和显著突破。本文通过聚焦青鳉及其他硬骨鱼纲保守存在的dmrt1、gsdf、amh等雄性因子,探讨硬骨鱼普遍存在的雌雄性别可塑可逆信号通路,并介绍了新的基因组编辑和性控育种技术,为单性选育等水产养殖技术的研发提供参考。

The mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in fish are highly divergent with a broad range of gonadal differentiation types from hermaphroditism to gonochorism. Multiple triggers regulate the process of sexual differentiation including genetic or environmental factors (temperature, light, hormones and/or pH value, etc.). In recent years, with the advances of molecular technologies and genetic engineering approaches, there are significant breakthroughs in identifying the master genes of vertebrate sex determination and differentiation. In this review, we explore the fundamental and molecular mechanisms underlying the sexual differentiation in teleost fish, using medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model. We focus on the male pathways and factors, particularly on dmrt1, gsdf and amh genes involved in testicular differentiation, sexual reversal and plasticity. It is anticipated that new techniques will likely be developed in the field of sex manipulations and monosex breeding for fish aquaculture in the future.