“遗传补偿效应”(genetic compensation response, GCR)是近年来在斑马鱼(Danio rerio)中最先描述的一个遗传现象,是指当敲低某一个基因时有明显的表型,但此基因的敲除遗传突变体由于其他基因的上调反而没有表型。这种基因敲低和敲除表型上的差异并非斑马鱼所独有,在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、小鼠(Mus musculus)等模式生物中都观察到此种现象。这种奇怪的现象一直困扰着基因功能研究。2019年4月3日,Nature同时在线发表两篇论文揭示了其中的奥秘,其中一篇来自于本实验室,另一篇来自于德国Stainier实验室。利用斑马鱼或小鼠培养细胞的不同基因的遗传突变体为模型,两个实验室分别证明无义突变与核酸序列同源性是激活遗传补偿效应的两个先决条件;无义mRNA介导的降解途径参与激活遗传补偿效应;同时还观察到补偿基因的高表达与其转录起始位点处的组蛋白H3K4me3修饰相关。本文具体介绍了这两篇研究论文中提出的“遗传补偿效应”分子机制的异同,以期为克服遗传补偿效应给基因功能研究带来的障碍提供新的思路和方法。

The genetic compensation response (GCR) was firstly described in zebrafish to explain the phenotypic discrepancies between gene-knockout and gene-knockdown, whereby a deleterious mutation, but not gene-knockdown, can lead to the transcriptional upregulation of related genes, which can assume the function of the mutated gene. This phenomenon was also found in other model systems including mice and Arabidopsis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the GCR remains elusive until two papers were published in Nature on April 3, 2019: one from our lab and the other from Stainier’s lab. Using different genetic mutants of various genes in zebrafish or culture cells of mice, both of us reveal that the upregulation of compensatory genes is only triggered by mutations that generate a premature termination codon (PTC); the compensatory genes share nucleotide sequence homology to the mutated genes; nonsense mRNA mediated decay pathway (NMD) is essential for the induction of GCR, and the increased transcription of the compensatory genes is accompanied by an enhancement of H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) at their transcription start site (TSS) regions. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of the GCR proposed in the two studies.