作物驯化和遗传改良对于产量性状的过分追求常导致其抗逆性和遗传多样性的降低,在全球气候变化加剧和自然灾害频发的大背景下,该效应使得世界粮食稳产和食物安全面临威胁,亟需创新育种策略。作物重新设计与快速驯化是指选用耐逆、品质营养等性状或其他目标性状优异的野生或者半野生植物,综合运用基因组学、基因编辑和合成生物学等方法,对其农艺性状进行重新设计,在保持其原有优异性状的前提下,快速驯化获得新型作物的全新育种策略。本文回顾了作物驯化的发展历程及其对农业发展和人类文明的贡献,着重阐述了育种策略创新的紧迫性,并对作物重新设计与快速驯化创造新型作物的可行性、最新进展和发展前景进行探讨和展望。

Crop improvement by domestication and traditional breeding often results in fitness penalties and loss of genetic diversity, which greatly threatens crop production and food security under the challenging global climate. De novo domestication has been proposed as a novel strategy for crop breeding. By combining multi-omics, genome editing and synthetic biology approaches, domestication of wild or semi-wild plant species can be accelerated by rapidly introducing desirable traits without causing an associated drag on their inherent traits. In this review, we summarize the history of crop domestication, emphasize the urgency for breeding strategy innovation, and discuss recent progress of de novo crop domestication.