中国小麦远缘杂交与染色体工程育种的理论与实践
收稿日期: 2024-11-21
修回日期: 2025-01-01
网络出版日期: 2025-01-02
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(31971875);国家自然科学基金项目(32472143)
Wheat wide hybridization and chromosome engineering breeding in China
Received date: 2024-11-21
Revised date: 2025-01-01
Online published: 2025-01-02
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971875);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472143)
小麦是我国仅次于水稻的口粮作物，在保障国家粮食安全中占有重要地位。普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)是异源六倍体，拥有众多野生、半野生近缘植物，为其遗传改良提供了丰富的基因资源。我国小麦远缘杂交与染色体工程育种工作始于20世纪50年代，历经30多年的学习、探索和实践，于80年代形成了比较完善的小麦染色体工程理论和技术体系，后经外源染色体片段分子鉴定技术的不断改良，特别是在国家项目持续支持下，我国学者近些年完成了多个外源抗病基因的克隆和机理解析，极大地提升了我国在这一领域的研究水平和国际影响。以李振声院士为代表的老一辈科学家为我国小麦远缘杂交与染色体工程育种的建立、发展和壮大做出了杰出贡献。李振声院士也因其在该领域的突出贡献于2024年国庆前夕被授予“共和国勋章”。本文以我国小麦远缘杂交和染色体工程育种发展的历史为主线，概括总结了老一辈科学家的贡献与成就，并对最近5年的突出进展进行了简要梳理，以致敬先辈、激励来者，为种质资源的创新、外源基因的转移、克隆及利用继续努力工作。
郑琪, 赵李, 李滨, 李宏伟, 吉万全, 张学勇 . 中国小麦远缘杂交与染色体工程育种的理论与实践[J]. 遗传, 2025 , 47(3) : 289 -299 . DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.24-334
As the second important staple crop next to rice in China, common wheat (Triticum aestivum) plays a decisive role in national food security. Wild and semi-wild relatives of wheat provide abundant genetic resources for wheat genetic improvement. In China, wheat wide hybridization and chromosome engineering breeding initiated in the 1950s and developed into a well-defined theoretical and technical system over the next three decades through learning, exploration and practice. Subsequently, the technological innovation in alien chromatin identification and the isolation and analysis of alien resistance genes sponsored by continuous national projects have significantly enhanced China’s impact on the world in this field. Eminent scientists such as Professor Li Zhensheng, who was awarded the Medal of the Republic before the National Day in 2024, have made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of the research in this area in China. This article reviews the history of wheat wide hybridization and chromosome engineering breeding in China, aiming to honor the senior scientists and inspire future researchers to work hard in germplasm innovation and alien gene transfer, cloning and utilization in breeding.
Key words： wheat; wide hybridization; chromosome engineering breeding; gene cloning
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