人类遗传资源管理是国家生物安全体系的重要组成部分。随着生物技术的快速发展，其重要性日益凸显。经过多年的努力，我国在人类遗传资源的法治建设、监督管理和保护利用等方面已构建起较为完善的管理体系。然而，面对新时代新形势下行业发展的新需求，我国在人类遗传资源管理的方面仍面临诸多问题，如有效保护不够、合理利用开发不足、管理队伍缺乏、监管手段不强等问题。针对这些问题，本文系统梳理了我国人类遗传资源管理体系的建设历程，分析了当前面临的主要风险和挑战，并提出了针对性的政策建议，旨在统筹安全与发展，推动我国人类遗传资源的有效保护与合理利用。

The management of human genetic resources constitutes a critical part of the national biosafety system. Its importance increasingly underscored by rapid development in biotechnology. After years of efforts, China has established a relatively comprehensive management system in areas such as legal infrastructure, regulatory mechanisms, and the conservation and utilization of human genetic resources. Nevertheless, facing the new demands of industry development in the new era and new situation, China still encounters numerous problems in the management of human genetic resources, such as less effective protection, inadequate rational utilization, a shortage of specialized personnel, and insufficient regulatory capabilities. To address these problems, this article systematically reviews the development of China’s human genetic resources management system, analyzes the current main risks and challenges, and proposes targeted policy recommendations to harmonize development with safety imperatives, thereby facilitating the effective conservation and sustainable utilization of human genetic resources in China.