法庭科学核心STR基因座的序列特征
缪磊和康克莱并列第一作者。
收稿日期: 2025-03-15
修回日期: 2025-05-22
网络出版日期: 2025-05-23
基金资助
国家重点研发计划课题(2022YFC3341001);公安部科技强警基础工作专项(2023JC15);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(2024JB027);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(2024JB044);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(2024JB046)
Sequence features of forensic core short tandem repeat loci
Received date: 2025-03-15
Revised date: 2025-05-22
Online published: 2025-05-23
Supported by
National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3341001);Ministry of Public Security of China(2023JC15);Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security of China(2024JB027);Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security of China(2024JB044);Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security of China(2024JB046)
短串联重复序列(short tandem repeat，STR)遗传标记在法庭科学DNA鉴定中占据绝对主导地位，包括中国在内的世界各国DNA数据库均基于STR遗传标记建立。STR遗传标记具有长度多态性和序列多态性。序列多态包括重复区和侧翼区序列的多态性。传统的基于毛细管电泳技术进行STR分型仅区分长度多态性，而深刻理解核心STR基因座的序列多态对于引物设计和DNA鉴定等方面至关重要。首先，STR扩增引物结合区的SNP、InDel可能干扰引物与DNA模板结合的亲和力，导致无法检测到某些等位基因或均衡性差，影响DNA鉴定准确性；其次，二代测序技术推动STR鉴定由长度多态分型向序列多态分型发展，显著提升了可检测的核心STR基因座多态信息含量，提高了其个体识别和亲缘关系分析效能；再者，不同人群具有不同的STR序列特征。近10年来，基于二代测序的STR序列多态性的研究逐渐增多，多个人群的序列多态性数据已经被报道，但以往的研究群体及数据较为零散，重复序列的数据格式不统一，导致核心STR基因座的序列多态性缺乏来自大数据的系统性总结和梳理。充分掌握核心STR基因座的序列特征对微量检材的个体识别、混合样本拆分、亲子鉴定中突变来源的确定等具有十分重要的意义。本文以19个常染色体核心STR为分析对象，整合了目前文献报道的群体数据和公开数据库中的中国人群变异频率数据，系统综述了这些STR的序列多态性，包括归纳STR基因座重复区的变异类型和分析变异规律，总结了中国人群中STR侧翼区的高频变异，并探讨了在STR序列检验中可能遇到的难点，以期为STR序列的应用解析、案件检验中稀有等位基因的判别以及STR试剂盒的研制等方面提供参考。
缪磊, 康克莱, 张驰, 刘爽, 焦瑞莲, 袁丽, 王乐 . 法庭科学核心STR基因座的序列特征[J]. 遗传, 2025 , 47(11) : 1214 -1230 . DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.25-021
Short tandem repeat (STR) is a significant genetic marker for the identification of forensic DNA. DNA databases worldwide, including those in China, are established based on STR markers. Length- and sequence-based polymorphism are two features of STR markers. Sequence-based polymorphism includes polymorphisms in both repeat and flanking regions. Traditional capillary electrophoresis-based STR genotyping method can only profile length-based genotypes. However, a deep understanding of the sequence polymorphism of core STR loci is crucial for primer design and DNA identification. Firstly, single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions in STR primer binding regions may reduce the affinity between primers and DNA templates, leading to allele dropout or poor interlocus balance, thereby impacting the accuracy of DNA identification. Secondly, sequence-based polymorphism can be unveiled by next-generation sequencing technology, which could significantly enhance the detectable polymorphic information of core STR loci and improve the efficiency of individual identification and kinship analysis. Thirdly, different populations exhibit distinct STR sequence characteristics. Over the past decade, studies on sequence-based polymorphisms of STR loci have increased alongside the application of next-generation sequencing technology, and sequence-based polymorphisms from multiple populations were reported. However, previously studied populations and data were scattered, and different formats of repeat region sequences were used in various studies. These limitations result in the absence of a systematic summary and analysis of sequence polymorphism for core STR loci, hindering its further application in forensic practices. A comprehensive understanding of core STR loci sequence characteristics is crucial for individual identification from trace DNA, deconvolution of mixed samples, and determination of mutation origins in paternity testing. In this review, we focus on 19 autosomal core STRs and systematically review the sequence polymorphisms of these loci based on population data reported in the literature. We summarize variations in repeat regions, analyze variation patterns, present high-frequency variations in flanking regions within the Chinese population, and discuss potential challenges encountered in STR sequence analyses, with the aim to provide a reference for the analyses and application of STR sequence, the identification of rare alleles in criminal case testing, and the development of STR genotyping panel.
| [1] | Niu Y, Cheng BW, Liu F. Current legislation situation and countermeasures in DNA testing and database construction in China. Chin J Forensic Med, 2019, 34(5): 423-426. |
| 牛勇, 程宝文, 刘锋. 我国DNA检验和数据库建设立法现状与对策. 中国法医学杂志, 2019, 34(5): 423-426. | |
| [2] | National Institute of Standards and Technology. Core STR loci used in human identity testing. [2024.1.4]. https://strbase-archive.nist.gov/coreSTRs.htm. |
| [3] | 公安部物证鉴定中心, 辽宁省公安厅, 广州市刑事科学技术研究所, 河南省公安厅, 黑龙江省公安厅, 浙江省公安厅, 北京海华鑫安生物信息技术有限责任公司. 法庭科学 DNA数据库选用的基因座及其数据结构:GB/T 41009-2021. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2021. |
| [4] | Wang L, Ji AQ, Ye J. Progress and prospects on next generation sequencing-based full resolution STR genotyping. Chin J Forensic Med, 2017, 32(2): 159-163+167. |
| 王乐, 季安全, 叶健. 基于下一代测序的全解析度STR分型研究进展与展望. 中国法医学杂志, 2017, 32(2): 159-163+167. | |
| [5] | Wang L, Ye J, Bai X, Yang F, Zhao XC. Next generation sequencing and its application in forensic genetics. Forensic Sci Technol, 2015, 40(5): 353-358. |
| 王乐, 叶健, 白雪, 杨帆, 赵兴春. 二代测序技术及其在法医遗传学中的应用. 刑事技术, 2015, 40(5): 353-358. | |
| [6] | Wu H, Ji AC, Liu YC, Kang KL, Zhang C, Li ZW, Ji AQ, Ye J, Nie SJ, Wang L. Massively parallel sequencing of STRs using a 29-plex panel reveals stutter sequence characteristics. Electrophoresis, 2020, 41(23): 2029-2035. |
| [7] | Edwards M, Allen RW. Characteristics of mutations at the D5S818 locus studied with a tightly linked marker. Transfusion, 2004, 44(1): 83-90. |
| [8] | Peng JJ, Guo LL, Wu H, Zhang C, Zhao J, Kang KL, Ji AQ, Wang L. Correlation study between TC ratios of STR loci and the forward/reverse sequencing depths in next generation sequencing. Life Sci Instrum, 2022, 20(5): 39-45. |
| 彭加金, 郭立亮, 吴浩, 张驰, 赵杰, 康克莱, 季安全, 王乐. STR基因座TC比例与二代测序正反向深度关联研究. 生命科学仪器, 2022, 20(5): 39-45. | |
| [9] | Schneider PM, Martin PD. Criminal DNA databases: the European situation. Forensic Sci Int, 2001, 119(2): 232-238. |
| [10] | Butler JM, Hill CR. Biology and genetics of new autosomal STR loci useful for forensic DNA analysis. Forensic Sci Rev, 2012, 24(1): 15-26. |
| [11] | Butler JM. Genetics and genomics of core short tandem repeat loci used in human identity testing. J Forensic Sci, 2006, 51(2): 253-265. |
| [12] | Hares DR. Expanding the CODIS core loci in the United States. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2012, 6(1): e52-e54. |
| [13] | Hares DR. Selection and implementation of expanded CODIS core loci in the United States. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2015, 17: 33-34. |
| [14] | Gettings KB, Aponte RA, Vallone PM, Butler JM. STR allele sequence variation: current knowledge and future issues. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2015, 18: 118-130. |
| [15] | 公安部鉴定中心, 四川大学, 中国科学院北京基因组研究所(国家生物信息中心), 河北医科大学, 中山大学, 国家毒品实验室广东分中心, 辽宁省公安厅, 北京生物医药研究所, 北京市公安局, 中国政法大学, 北京爱普益生物科技有限公司. 序列多态STR等位基因命名规则:GB/T 44393-2024. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2024. |
| [16] | Fan HL, Wang LX, Liu CH, Lu XY, Xu XD, Ru K, Qiu PM, Liu C, Wen SQ. Development and validation of a novel 133-plex forensic STR panel (52 STRs and 81 Y-STRs) using single-end 400 bp massive parallel sequencing. Int J Legal Med, 2022, 136(2): 447-464. |
| [17] | Gettings KB, Borsuk LA, Steffen CR, Kiesler KM, Vallone PM. Sequence-based U.S. population data for 27 autosomal STR loci. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2018, 37: 106-115. |
| [18] | Tao RY, Wang SY, Chen AQ, Xia RC, Zhang XC, Yang Q, Qu YL, Zhang SH, Li CT. Parallel sequencing of 87 STR and 294 SNP markers using the prototype of the SifaMPS panel on the MiSeq FGxTM system. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2021, 52: 102490. |
| [19] | Dash HR, Vajpayee K, Srivastava A, Das S. Prevalence and characterisation of size and sequence-based microvariant alleles at nine autosomal STR markers in the Central Indian population. Ann Hum Biol, 2021, 48(7-8): 614-620. |
| [20] | Peng D, Zhang YM, Ren H, Li HX, Li R, Shen XF, Wang NN, Huang EW, Wu RG, Sun HY. Identification of sequence polymorphisms at 58 STRs and 94 iiSNPs in a Tibetan population using massively parallel sequencing. Sci Rep, 2020, 10(1): 12225-12236. |
| [21] | Silva DSBS, Scheible MK, Bailey SF, Williams CL, Allwood JS, Just RS, Schuetter J, Skomrock N, Minard- Smith A, Barker-Scoggins N, Eichman C, Meiklejohn K, Faith SA. Sequence-based autosomal STR characterization in four US populations using PowerSeq™ Auto/Y system. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2020, 48: 102311. |
| [22] | Ohuchi T, Guan XT, Hirai E, Hashiyada M, Manabe S, Akane A, Adachi N, Tamaki K, Funayama M. Allele frequencies of 31 autosomal short tandem repeat (auSTR) loci obtained using the Precision ID GlobalFiler™ NGS STR Panel v2 in 322 individuals from the Japanese population. Leg Med(Tokyo), 2022, 59: 102151. |
| [23] | Zhao XY, Li H, Wang Z, Ma K, Cao Y, Liu WB. Massively parallel sequencing of 10 autosomal STRs in Chinese using the ion torrent personal genome machine (PGM). Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2016, 25: 34-38. |
| [24] | Kim EH, Lee HY, Kwon SY, Lee EY, Yang WI, Shin KJ. Sequence-based diversity of 23 autosomal STR loci in Koreans investigated using an in-house massively parallel sequencing panel. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2017, 30: 134-140. |
| [25] | Zhang SH, Niu Y, Bian YN, Dong RX, Liu XL, Bao Y, Jin C, Zheng HC, Li CT. Sequence investigation of 34 forensic autosomal STRs with massively parallel sequencing. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 6810. |
| [26] | Riman S, Ghemrawi M, Borsuk LA, Mahfouz R, Walsh S, Vallone PM. Sequence-based allelic variations and frequencies for 22 autosomal STR loci in the Lebanese population. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2023, 65: 102872. |
| [27] | Dash HR, Kaitholia K, Kumawat RK, Singh AK, Shrivastava P, Chaubey G, Das S. Sequence variations, flanking region mutations, and allele frequency at 31 autosomal STRs in the central Indian population by next generation sequencing (NGS). Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 23238. |
| [28] | Khubrani YM, Hallast P, Jobling MA, Wetton JH. Massively parallel sequencing of autosomal STRs and identity-informative SNPs highlights consanguinity in Saudi Arabia. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2019, 43: 102164. |
| [29] | Devesse L, Davenport L, Borsuk L, Gettings K, Mason- Buck G, Vallone PM, Syndercombe Court D, Ballard D. Classification of STR allelic variation using massively parallel sequencing and assessment of flanking region power. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2020, 48: 102356. |
| [30] | Kwon YL, Kim BM, Lee EY, Shin KJ. Massively parallel sequencing of 25 autosomal STRs including SE33 in four population groups for forensic applications. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 4701. |
| [31] | Fan HL, Du ZM, Wang FF, Wang X, Wen SQ, Wang LX, Du PX, Liu H, Cao SP, Luo ZM, Han BB, Huang PY, Zhu BF, Qiu PM. The forensic landscape and the population genetic analyses of Hainan Li based on massively parallel sequencing DNA profiling. Int J Legal Med, 2021, 135(4): 1295-1317. |
| [32] | Huszar TI, Bodmer WF, Hutnik K, Wetton JH, Jobling MA. Sequencing of autosomal, mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal forensic markers in the People of the British Isles cohort detects population structure dominated by patrilineages. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2022, 59: 102725. |
| [33] | Barber MD, McKeown BJ, Parkin BH. Structural variation in the alleles of a short tandem repeat system at the human alpha fibrinogen locus. Int J Legal Med, 1996, 108(4): 180-185. |
| [34] | Szibor R, Lautsch S, Plate I, Bender K, Krause D. Population genetic data of the STR HumD3S1358 in two regions of Germany. Int J Legal Med, 1998, 111(3): 160-161. |
| [35] | Wang L, Zhao XC, Ye J, Liu JJ, Chen T, Bai X, Zhang J, Ou Y, Hu L, Jiang BW, Wang F. Construction of a library of cloned short tandem repeat (STR) alleles as universal templates for allelic ladder preparation. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2014, 12: 136-143. |
| [36] | Pang JB, Zhang C, Wu B, Ji AC, Li ZW, Ji AQ, Wang L, Nie SJ. Sequence polymorphism of 24 STR loci based on next generation sequencing. Chin J Forensic Med, 2019, 34(2): 125-130. |
| 庞敬博, 张驰, 武波, 计艾岑, 李志文, 季安全, 王乐, 聂胜洁. 基于二代测序的24个STR基因座序列多态性. 中国法医学杂志, 2019, 34(2): 125-130. | |
| [37] | Wang Z, Wang L, Liu J, Ye J, Hou YP. Characterization of sequence variation at 30 autosomal STRs in Chinese Han and Tibetan populations. Electrophoresis, 2020, 41(3-4): 194-201. |
| [38] | Hedman M, Palo JU. Long D13S317 variant allele: a cautionary case report. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2015, 14: 38-41. |
| [39] | Chen QF, Kang KL, Song JJ, Zhang C, Yu ZL, Zhao GB, Wu H, Ji AQ, Ye J, Wang L. Allelic diversity and forensic estimations of the Beijing Hans: comparative data on sequence-based and length-based STRs. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2021, 51: 102424. |
| [40] | Li R, Li HX, Peng D, Hao B, Wang ZY, Huang EW, Wu RG, Sun HY. Improved pairwise kinship analysis using massively parallel sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2019, 38: 77-85. |
| [41] | Tao RY, Xu QN, Wang SY, Xia RC, Yang Q, Chen AQ, Qu YL, Lv YH, Zhang SH, Li CT. Pairwise kinship analysis of 17 pedigrees using massively parallel sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2022, 57: 102647. |
| [42] | Barrio PA, Martín P, Alonso A, Müller P, Bodner M, Berger B, Parson W, Budowle B, DNASEQEX Consortium. Massively parallel sequence data of 31 autosomal STR loci from 496 Spanish individuals revealed concordance with CE-STR technology and enhanced discrimination power. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2019, 42: 49-55. |
| [43] | Wendt FR, Churchill JD, Novroski NMM, King JL, Ng J, Oldt RF, McCulloh KL, Weise JA, Smith DG, Kanthaswamy S, Budowle B. Genetic analysis of the Yavapai native Americans from west-central Arizona using the Illumina MiSeq FGx™ forensic genomics system. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2016, 24: 18-23. |
| [44] | Wu RG, Li R, Wang NN, Peng D, Li HX, Zhang YM, Zheng CH, Sun HY. Genetic polymorphism and population structure of Torghut Mongols and comparison with a Mongolian population 3000 kilometers away. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2019, 42: 235-243. |
| [45] | Silva DSBS, Sawitzki FR, Scheible MKR, Bailey SF, Alho CS, Faith SA. Genetic analysis of Southern Brazil subjects using the PowerSeq™ AUTO/Y system for short tandem repeat sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2018, 33: 129-135. |
| [46] | Moura-Neto R, King JL, Mello I, Dias V, Crysup B, Woerner AE, Budowle B, Silva R. Evaluation of Promega PowerSeq™ Auto/Y systems prototype on an admixed sample of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: population data, sensitivity, stutter and mixture studies. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2021, 53: 102516. |
| [47] | Guo F, Liu Z, Long GN, Zhang B, Dong XY, Liu DH, Yu SB. High-resolution genotyping of 58 STRs in 635 northern Han Chinese with MiSeq FGx ® forensic genomics system. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2023, 65: 102879. |
| [48] | Gettings KB, Kiesler KM, Faith SA, Montano E, Baker CH, Young BA, Guerrieri RA, Vallone PM. Sequence variation of 22 autosomal STR loci detected by next generation sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2016, 21: 15-21. |
| [49] | Kim EH, Lee HY, Yang IS, Jung SE, Yang WI, Shin KJ. Massively parallel sequencing of 17 commonly used forensic autosomal STRs and amelogenin with small amplicons. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2016, 22: 1-7. |
| [50] | Guo F, Zhou YS, Liu F, Yu J, Song H, Shen HY, Zhao B, Jia F, Hou GW, Jiang XH. Evaluation of the early access STR kit v1 on the Ion Torrent PGM™ platform. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2016, 23: 111-120. |
| [51] | Rockenbauer E, Hansen S, Mikkelsen M, Børsting C, Morling N. Characterization of mutations and sequence variants in the D21S11 locus by next generation sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2014, 8(1): 68-72. |
| [52] | Gelardi C, Rockenbauer E, Dalsgaard S, Børsting C, Morling N. Second generation sequencing of three STRs D3S1358, D12S391 and D21S11 in Danes and a new nomenclature for sequenced STR alleles. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2014, 12: 38-41. |
| [53] | Cong PK, Bai WY, Li JC, Yang MY, Khederzadeh S, Gai SR, Li N, Liu YH, Yu SH, Zhao WW, Liu JQ, Sun Y, Zhu XW, Zhao PP, Xia JW, Guan PL, Qian Y, Tao JG, Xu L, Tian G, Wang PY, Xie SY, Qiu MC, Liu KQ, Tang BS, Zheng HF. Genomic analyses of 10,376 individuals in the Westlake BioBank for Chinese (WBBC) pilot project. Nat Commun, 2022, 13(1): 2939. |
| [54] | Gao Y, Zhang C, Yuan LY, Ling YC, Wang XJ, Liu C, Pan YW, Zhang XX, Ma XX, Wang YC, Lu Y, Yuan K, Ye W, Qian JQ, Chang HD, Cao RF, Yang X, Ma L, Ju YH, Dai L, Tang YY, Han100K Initiative, Zhang GQ, Xu SH. PGG.Han: the Han Chinese genome database and analysis platform. Nucleic Acids Res, 2020, 48(D1): D971-D976. |
| [55] | Jiang T, Guo HZ, Liu YD, Li GY, Cui Z, Cui XR, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang AQ, Cao SQ, Zhao TY, Juan LR, Kong WZ, Chen M, Liu DM, Liu HR, Zhang YX, Xu KL, Wang YJ, He MA, Guo JC, Lu M, Chen J, Zhao X, Zhao GM, Dang SN, Chen C, Wu XJ, Qin QY, Li YX, Shen HB, Jin L, Liu B, Chen XD, Zhao YH, Wang YD. A comprehensive genetic variant reference for the Chinese population. Sci Bull (Beijing), 2024, 69(24): 3820-3825. |
| [56] | Wang L, Chen M, Wu B, Liu YC, Zhang GF, Jiang L, Xu XL, Zhao XC, Ji AQ, Ye J. Massively parallel sequencing of forensic STRs using the Ion Chef™ and the Ion S5™ XL systems. J Forensic Sci, 2018, 63(6): 1692-1703. |
| [57] | Novroski NMM, King JL, Churchill JD, Seah LH, Budowle B. Characterization of genetic sequence variation of 58 STR loci in four major population groups. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2016, 25: 214-226. |
| [58] | Wang Z, Zhou D, Wang H, Jia ZJ, Liu J, Qian XQ, Li CT, Hou YP. Massively parallel sequencing of 32 forensic markers using the precision ID GlobalFiler™ NGS STR panel and the Ion PGM™ system. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2017, 31: 126-134. |
| [59] | Griffiths RA, Barber MD, Johnson PE, Gillbard SM, Haywood MD, Smith CD, Arnold J, Burke T, Urquhart AJ, Gill P. New reference allelic ladders to improve allelic designation in a multiplex STR system. Int J Legal Med, 1998, 111(5): 267-272. |
| [60] | Zhang C, Kang KL, Li B, Sun BY, Miao L, Jiao RL, Meng Y, Zhao J, He L, Ji AQ, Wang L. ‘Folded sequence’ variation in a Y-STR locus revealed by next-generation sequencing helped in solving a 21-year-long cold case. Forensic Sci Technol, 2024, 49(6): 639-644. |
| 张驰, 康克莱, 李蓓, 孙博雅, 缪磊, 焦瑞莲, 孟洋, 赵杰, 贺琳, 季安全, 王乐. 二代测序Y-STR序列多态性之“折叠序列”变异助力侦破21年冷案. 刑事技术, 2024, 49(6): 639-644. | |
| [61] | Warshauer DH, Churchill JD, Novroski N, King JL, Budowle B. Novel Y-chromosome short tandem repeat variants detected through the use of massively parallel sequencing. Genom Proteom Bioinf, 2015, 13(4): 250-257. |
| [62] | Pumpernik D, Oblak B, Borstnik B. Replication slippage versus point mutation rates in short tandem repeats of the human genome. Mol Genet Genomics, 2008, 279(1): 53-61. |
| [63] | Huszar TI, Jobling MA, Wetton JH. A phylogenetic framework facilitates Y-STR variant discovery and classification via massively parallel sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 2018, 35: 97-106. |
| [64] | Weber JL, Wong C. Mutation of human short tandem repeats. Hum Mol Genet, 1993, 2(8): 1123-1128. |
| [65] | Liu ZY, Ren H, Chen C, Zhang JJ, Zhang XM, Shi Y, Shi LY, Chen Y, Cheng F, Jia L, Chen M, Fan QW, Zhang JR, Li WT, Wang MC, Ren ZL, Liu YC, Ni M, Sun HY, Yan JW. Actual mutational research of 19 autosomal STRs based on restricted mutation model and big data. Hereditas (Beijing), 2021, 43(10): 949-969. |
| 刘志勇, 任贺, 陈冲, 张京晶, 张晓梦, 石妍, 石林玉, 陈滢, 程凤, 贾莉, 陈曼, 范庆炜, 张家榕, 李万婷, 王萌春, 任子林, 刘雅诚, 倪铭, 孙宏钰, 严江伟. 基于有限突变模型和大规模数据的19个常染色体STR的实际突变率研究. 遗传, 2021, 43(10): 949-969. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
www.chinagene.cn
备案号：京ICP备09063187号-4
总访问:,今日访问:,当前在线:
