距今约4,000年，源自新月沃地的驯化作物如小麦、大麦及牛、羊等家畜，以及中国境内最早的红铜器和青铜器均在甘肃被发现，证实了甘肃在史前农业“全球化”进程中扮演了重要的枢纽角色，然而该事件背后，人群的演化历史尚不清楚。通过获得并测序甘肃149例距今约4,700~3,000年个体的基因组信息，发现这些人群的遗传成分均来自东亚，未检测到任何亚欧大陆西部人群的遗传贡献，这表明源自新月沃地的驯化作物及家畜传入甘肃时，可能并未直接伴随大规模亚欧大陆西部人群的扩散和流入，表明早期农业传播与欧洲及中亚遵循了不同的模式。磨沟墓地代表了一个从齐家文化持续到寺洼文化持续存在的社会，但并未表现出明显的从妻居或从夫居的模式，磨沟古代居民的遗传结构与个体的社会地位存在一定程度的关联，非本地的人群更可能的葬于等级较低的位置，同时尚未获得充分生物学证据支持磨沟墓地多人合葬墓为生物学意义上的家庭成员。本研究首次揭示了甘肃新石器时代晚期至青铜时代人群迁徙、融合、扩散历史，首次精准重构了甘肃磨沟大型墓地的社会结构，为理解中国古代的人群迁徙扩散及早期社会组织模式等提供了关键遗传学证据。

Beginning approximately 4,000 years ago, southwest-Asian-originating domesticated crops and livestock began appearing in Gansu, a key crossroads in northwestern China, yet the population dynamics underlying these historically transformative events and the associated social practices in the region have not been fully explored. Despite the adoption of western domesticates, genome sequences of 149 individuals from the large Mogou cemetery and ten other sites in Gansu, dating between 4,700 and 3,000 years ago, revealed migrations within East Asian regions but no detectable evidence of genetic influence from western Eurasia, suggesting that early agricultural dispersals may have followed a model distinct from that documented in Europe and Central Asia. The Mogou cemetery represents a continuous community that interacted with surrounding regions but does not exhibit clear matrilocal or patrilocal patterns. We found no strong evidence that co-buried individuals represented biological relatives. Non-local ancestry appears to be linked to lower status burial practices.