古基因组研究揭示亚欧交流背景下甘肃史前人群的演化历史与社会结构

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.26-216

遗传 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 954-960.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.26-216

古基因组研究揭示亚欧交流背景下甘肃史前人群的演化历史与社会结构

王文君¹^,²^,³(), 施涵²^,³^,⁴(), 付巧妹²^,³^,⁴()

¹ 国家文物局考古研究中心，考古实验室与科技保护研究所，北京 100013
² 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室，新基石科学实验室，北京 100044
³ 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所，旧石器时代人类演化与遗传国家文物局重点科研基地，北京 100044
⁴ 中国科学院大学，地球与行星科学学院，北京 100049

收稿日期:2026-09-03 出版日期:2026-10-20 发布日期:2026-09-04
通讯作者: 付巧妹，博士，研究员，研究方向：古遗传学研究和分子古生物学技术开发。E-mail: fuqiaomei@ivpp.ac.cn
作者简介:王文君，博士，副研究馆员，研究方向：科技考古与群体遗传学。E-mail: wangwenjun@ivpp.ac.cn
施涵，博士研究生，研究方向：古基因组学。E-mail: shihan@ivpp.ac.cn
第一联系人：
王文君和施涵并列第一作者。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32300497);国家自然科学基金(W2531030);全国考古人才振兴计划(2024-278);全国考古人才振兴计划(2025-192);新基石科学基金会资助

Ancient genomics reveal the evolutionary history and social practice of Gansu populations during prehistory trans-Eurasian exchange

Wenjun Wang¹^,²^,³(), Han Shi²^,³^,⁴(), Qiaomei Fu²^,³^,⁴()

¹ Science and Technology Archaeology, National Centre for Archaeology, Beijing 100013, China
² New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
³ Key Research Base on Paleolithic Human Evolution and Paleogenetics (IVPP), State Administration of Cultural Heritage, Beijing 100044, China
⁴ College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2026-09-03 Published:2026-10-20 Online:2026-09-04
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300497);National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2531030);Archaeological Talent Promotion Program of China(2024-278);Archaeological Talent Promotion Program of China(2025-192);New Cornerstone Science Foundation

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

距今约4,000年，源自新月沃地的驯化作物如小麦、大麦及牛、羊等家畜，以及中国境内最早的红铜器和青铜器均在甘肃被发现，证实了甘肃在史前农业“全球化”进程中扮演了重要的枢纽角色，然而该事件背后，人群的演化历史尚不清楚。通过获得并测序甘肃149例距今约4,700~3,000年个体的基因组信息，发现这些人群的遗传成分均主要来自东亚，未检测到任何亚欧大陆西部人群的遗传贡献，这表明源自新月沃地的驯化作物及家畜传入甘肃时，可能并未直接伴随大规模亚欧大陆西部人群的扩散和流入，表明早期农业传播与欧洲及中亚遵循了不同的模式。磨沟墓地代表了一个从齐家文化到寺洼文化持续存在的社会，但并未表现出明显的从妻居或从夫居的模式，磨沟古代居民的遗传结构与个体的社会地位存在一定程度的关联，非本地的人群更可能的葬于等级较低的位置，同时尚未获得充分生物学证据支持磨沟墓地多人合葬墓为生物学意义上的家庭成员。该研究首次揭示了甘肃新石器时代晚期至青铜时代人群迁徙、融合、扩散历史，首次精准重构了甘肃磨沟大型墓地的社会结构，为理解中国古代的人群迁徙扩散及早期社会组织模式等提供了关键遗传学证据。

关键词: 古基因组, 史前, 演化历史, 磨沟, 社会结构

Abstract:

Beginning approximately 4,000 years ago, southwest-Asian-originating domesticated crops and livestock began appearing in Gansu, a key crossroads in northwestern China, yet the population dynamics underlying these historically transformative events and the associated social practices in the region have not been fully explored. Despite the adoption of western domesticates, genome sequences of 149 individuals from the large Mogou cemetery and ten other sites in Gansu, dating between 4,700 and 3,000 years ago, revealed migrations within East Asian regions but no detectable evidence of genetic influence from western Eurasia, suggesting that early agricultural dispersals may have followed a model distinct from that documented in Europe and Central Asia. The Mogou cemetery represents a continuous community that interacted with surrounding regions but does not exhibit clear matrilocal or patrilocal patterns. We found no strong evidence that co-buried individuals represented biological relatives. Non-local ancestry appears to be linked to lower status burial practices. This study for the first time uncovers the histories of population migration, admixture and dispersal in Gansu from the late Neolithic to Bronze Age, and precisely reconstructs the social structure of the large Mogou cemetery in Gansu. It provides critical genetic evidence for understanding ancient human migration and dispersal as well as early social organization patterns in China.

Key words: ancient genomics, prehistory, evolutionary history, Mogou, social practices

王文君, 施涵, 付巧妹. 古基因组研究揭示亚欧交流背景下甘肃史前人群的演化历史与社会结构[J]. 遗传, 2026, 48(10): 954-960.

Wenjun Wang, Han Shi, Qiaomei Fu. Ancient genomics reveal the evolutionary history and social practice of Gansu populations during prehistory trans-Eurasian exchange[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2026, 48(10): 954-960.

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古基因组研究揭示亚欧交流背景下甘肃史前人群的演化历史与社会结构

Ancient genomics reveal the evolutionary history and social practice of Gansu populations during prehistory trans-Eurasian exchange

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