植物古DNA技术及其应用进展

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.25-259

遗传 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (4): 377-392.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.25-259

植物古DNA技术及其应用进展

杨雨甜¹(), 王彩惠¹, 马志坤¹, 李青青², 张明¹()

¹ 西北大学文化遗产学院，中国中亚人类与环境“一带一路”联合实验室，文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室，西安 710127
² 西北大学生命科学学院，西安 710127

收稿日期:2025-11-18 修回日期:2026-01-15 出版日期:2026-01-21 发布日期:2026-01-21
通讯作者: 张明，博士，副教授，研究方向：古DNA生物学。E-mail: zhangming@nwu.edu.cn
作者简介:杨雨甜，硕士研究生，专业方向：植物古DNA。E-mail: m18090587395@163.com
基金资助:
陕西省科技厅科技创新团队项目(2024RS-CXTD-74);国家重点研发计划子课题(2022YFE0203800);全国考古人才振兴计划(2025-187)

Applications and research advances of the ancient plant DNA technology

Yutian Yang¹(), Caihui Wang¹, Zhikun Ma¹, Qingqing Li², Ming Zhang¹()

¹ Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, China-Central Asia “the Belt and Road” Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research, School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
² College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China

Received:2025-11-18 Revised:2026-01-15 Published:2026-01-21 Online:2026-01-21
Supported by:
Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2024RS-CXTD-74);National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0203800);Archaeological Talent Promotion Program of China(2025-187)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

古DNA技术能够直接获取古代生物的遗传信息，在解析物种起源与演化方面具有独特优势。近年来，古DNA研究在人类演化及动物起源、扩散等领域取得了诸多突破性进展。随着古DNA提取、建库及测序技术的不断革新，该技术也被引入植物研究领域，并逐渐形成规范化、体系化的研究方法与技术流程。相关研究深化了作物驯化起源、传播路径及演化历史的认知，也为解析“人类−植物−环境”间的相互作用及协同演变机制提供了全新视角。本文介绍了植物古DNA研究的基本技术流程，综述了该技术在作物驯化、植物病理、环境重建及植物资源利用等方面的研究进展，以期为相关领域的深入研究提供参考。

关键词: 植物古DNA技术, 研究现状, 植物驯化, 环境重建

Abstract:

Ancient DNA technology directly retrieves genetic information from preserved biological materials, thereby offering significant advantages for elucidating species origins and evolution. In recent years, ancient DNA studies have yielded significant advances in our understanding of human evolution and the origins and dispersal of animals. With the rapid development of ancient DNA extraction, library construction, and sequencing techniques, ancient DNA technology is increasingly contributing to plant research and is gradually developing into a standardized and systematic research area. These studies have not only deepened our understanding of the origins, dispersal routes, and evolutionary history of crop domestication, but have also provided novel perspectives for interpreting the interactive evolution among humans, plants, and the environment. In this review, we introduce the workflow of ancient plant DNA research and review the progress of ancient plant DNA technology in the fields of crop domestication, plant diseases, environmental reconstruction, and utilization of plant resources to provide a reference for the in-depth development of this field.

Key words: ancient plant DNA technology, research status, plant domestication, environmental reconstruction

杨雨甜, 王彩惠, 马志坤, 李青青, 张明. 植物古DNA技术及其应用进展[J]. 遗传, 2026, 48(4): 377-392.

Yutian Yang, Caihui Wang, Zhikun Ma, Qingqing Li, Ming Zhang. Applications and research advances of the ancient plant DNA technology[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2026, 48(4): 377-392.

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样本类型		优势	局限性	参考文献
直接来源	植物遗存	(1)能帮助解决物种层面的科学问题 (2)适合千年尺度研究	(1)多数样本保存质量差 (2)容易污染	[26]
直接来源	馆藏标本	(1)材料保存量大、种类丰富 (2)DNA质量较高 (3)可用于表型研究	(1)可能存在采样偏差 (2)局限在近几个世纪	[26]
间接来源	沉积物	(1)研究时间跨度最广，能重建过去生态系统 (2)可以提供更高分辨率的植物组成信息 (3)样品来源更丰富	(1)目前无法重建植物的全基因组，较少用于单个物种的系统重建研究 (2)某些物种的丰度可能被过度代表 (3)参考数据库建设尚不完善	[16,24,25,27]

植物古DNA技术及其应用进展

Applications and research advances of the ancient plant DNA technology

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