短寿非洲鳉鱼（Nothobranchius furzeri）主要栖息于非洲东南部，是目前已知实验室可饲养的寿命最短的脊椎动物。该模型凭借极短的生命周期（平均4~6个月）、极快的生长与性成熟速度（30~45天）、胚胎自发滞育/休眠、高效的遗传操作以及较低的饲养维护成本等特点，在抗衰老、成年动物器官再生、胚胎滞育、神经退行性疾病等前沿生物医学领域展现出经典动物模型不具备的显著优势。本文系统综述了短寿非洲鳉鱼的生物学特性，总结了其作为新模式动物的独特优势及其在多学科领域中的应用进展，并对其未来研究方向进行了展望，以期为深入挖掘其作为新型模式生物的研究价值提供参考。

The short-lived African killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri), mainly distributed in southeastern Africa, is currently the shortest-lived vertebrate that can be bred in the laboratory. With its extremely short life cycle (4~6 months), rapid growth and sexual maturation (30~45 days), spontaneous embryonic diapause, efficient genetic manipulation tools, and low husbandry costs, the short-lived African killifish provides a unique and powerful platform for investigating aging, organ regeneration, diapause, and neurodegeneration, outperforming traditional model systems in these cutting-edge areas. This review systematically summarizes the biological features of the short-lived African killifish, highlights its unique strengths as a new model organism, outlines recent advances in its multidisciplinary applications, and finally discusses future research directions, aiming to provide a reference for further exploration of its value as a novel model organism.