敬钊缨毛蛛染色体核型和基因组特征分析

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.25-026

遗传 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 1351-1364.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.25-026

敬钊缨毛蛛染色体核型和基因组特征分析

张雨萱¹^,²(), 张梦颖³, 杨含婷¹^,², 宋驰¹^,²(), 杨自忠³(), 陈士林¹^,²()

1.成都中医药大学药学院，成都 611137
2.成都中医药大学本草基因组学研究院，成都 611137
3.大理大学，云南省昆虫生物医药研发重点实验室，大理 671000

收稿日期:2025-01-21 修回日期:2025-03-23 出版日期:2025-05-21 发布日期:2025-05-21
通讯作者: 宋驰，博士，教授，研究方向：药用物种基因组及资源鉴定。E-mail: songchi@cdutcm.edu.cn;
杨自忠，博士，教授，研究方向：蜘蛛基因组学、药用昆虫及蛛形动物生药学。E-mail: yangzzh69@163.com;
陈士林，博士，教授，研究方向：药用物种基因组及资源鉴定。E-mail: slchen@cdutcm.edu.cn
作者简介:张雨萱，硕士研究生，专业方向：中药资源与鉴定。E-mail: 18744989564@163.com
基金资助:
成都中医药大学引进人才科研启动资金(030040015);成都中医药大学引进人才科研启动资金(030040017)

Karyotype and genome characterization analysis of Chilobrachys jingzhao (Theraphosidae: Chilobrachys)

Yuxuan Zhang¹^,²(), Mengying Zhang³, Hanting Yang¹^,², Chi Song¹^,²(), Zizhong Yang³(), Shilin Chen¹^,²()

1. School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
2. Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
3. Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China

Received:2025-01-21 Revised:2025-03-23 Published:2025-05-21 Online:2025-05-21
Supported by:
Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Talent Introduction Research Startup Fund(030040015);Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Talent Introduction Research Startup Fund(030040017)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

敬钊缨毛蛛(Chilobrachys jingzhao)制成的药物具有消肿、解毒、镇痛和抗炎等功效，但其染色体核型与基因组数据的匮乏，制约了其遗传背景解析及毒素分子机制的研究。为了明确敬钊缨毛蛛染色体核型特征和基因组基本信息，本研究采用染色体制片技术分析敬钊缨毛蛛的染色体核型，结合流式细胞术和K-mer分析估算基因组大小，并通过二代和三代单分子实时测序技术进行基因组测序和初步组装。结果表明，敬钊缨毛蛛的染色体数目为2n=68，核型公式为2n=46m+18sm+4st，染色体组式为2n=10L+18M2+38M1+2S。采用流式细胞仪，以番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)和棒络新妇(Trichonephila clavata)为内参，估测敬钊缨毛蛛基因组大小分别为7,775.49 Mb和7,680.26 Mb。19-mer分析结果显示，其基因组大小为7,626.00 Mb，与流式细胞术的测量结果相近。敬钊缨毛蛛基因组具有较高的杂合度(8.45%)和重复序列比例(67.10%)，属于超高杂合高重复基因组。初步组装的敬钊缨毛蛛基因组大小为8,804.93 Mb，contig N50达到55.55 Mb，BUSCO完整性评分为95.9%，组装质量较高。本研究首次揭示了敬钊缨毛蛛的染色体核型特征及其基因组信息，为未来深入研究其毒素分子机制、遗传学背景、起源、进化和分类学提供了重要的数据支持。

关键词: 敬钊缨毛蛛, 染色体核型, 基因组大小, 单分子实时测序技术

Abstract:

The medicinal preparation of Chilobrachys jingzhao possesses various therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, analgesic, and anti-edema effects. However, research on its genetic background and toxin mechanisms is held back by the lack of chromosome karyotype and genome data. In this study, we analyzed the karyotype of C. jingzhao using chromosome preparation techniques, estimated the genome size using flow cytometry and K-mer analysis, and performed genome sequencing and assembly using second- and third-generation single molecule real-time sequencing technologies. The results showed that C. jingzhao has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=68, with a karyotype formula of 2n=46m+18sm+4st and a chromosomal complement of 2n=10L+18M2+38M1+2S. Using Solanum lycopersicum and Trichonephila clavata as references, flow cytometry estimates the genome size at 7,775.49 Mb and 7,680.26 Mb, respectively. The 19-mer analysis also estimated the genome size to be 7,626.00 Mb, consistent with the flow cytometry results. Further analysis indicated that the genome of C. jingzhao has a high level of heterozygosity (8.45%) and a high proportion of repetitive sequences (67.10%), classifying it as an ultra-high heterozygous and high-repeat genome. The initial genome assembly of C. jingzhao was 8,804.93 Mb in size, with a contig N50 of 55.55 Mb and a BUSCO completeness score of 95.9%, indicating high assembly quality. This study first reveals the karyotype and genome information of C. jingzhao, offering crucial data for future research on its whole genome, toxin mechanisms, genetics, origin, evolution, and taxonomy.

Key words: Chilobrachys jingzhao, chromosome karyotype, genome size, single molecule real-time sequencing

张雨萱, 张梦颖, 杨含婷, 宋驰, 杨自忠, 陈士林. 敬钊缨毛蛛染色体核型和基因组特征分析[J]. 遗传, 2025, 47(12): 1351-1364.

Yuxuan Zhang, Mengying Zhang, Hanting Yang, Chi Song, Zizhong Yang, Shilin Chen. Karyotype and genome characterization analysis of Chilobrachys jingzhao (Theraphosidae: Chilobrachys)[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2025, 47(12): 1351-1364.

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编号	染色体相对长度(%)±标准差	臂比±标准差	相对长度系数	染色体类型
编号	染色体相对长度(%)±标准差	臂比±标准差	相对长度系数	Levan分类标准	Kuo分类标准
1	4.59±0.14	1.17±0.02	1.56	m	L
2	4.17±0.16	1.52±0.02	1.41	m	L
3	3.91±0.05	1.35±0.03	1.33	m	L
4	3.77±0.03	1.56±0.02	1.33	m	L
5	3.62±0.02	1.24±0.04	1.28	m	L
6	3.54±0.05	1.38±0.02	1.23	m	M2
7	3.46±0.02	1.13±0.02	1.20	m	M2
8	3.43±0.02	1.44±0.02	1.17	m	M2
9	3.24±0.03	1.18±0.01	1.16	m	M2
10	3.07±0.04	1.48±0.03	1.10	m	M2
11	3.04±0.03	1.38±0.02	1.04	m	M2
12	3.04±0.03	1.44±0.02	1.03	m	M2
13	3.01±0.03	1.18±0.01	1.03	m	M2
14	2.91±0.03	1.47±0.02	1.02	m	M2
15	2.88±0.03	1.68±0.03	0.99	m	M1
16	2.78±0.03	1.23±0.01	0.98	m	M1
17	2.78±0.03	1.29±0.01	0.97	m	M1
18	2.63±0.03	1.37±0.02	0.94	m	M1
19	2.59±0.03	1.41±0.03	0.94	m	M1
20	2.52±0.03	1.43±0.01	0.93	m	M1
21	2.46±0.03	1.43±0.02	0.89	m	M1
22	2.30±0.02	1.64±0.02	0.88	m	M1
23	2.09±0.02	1.49±0.02	0.88	m	M1
24	3.91±0.04	2.74±0.02	0.86	sm	M1
25	2.85±0.03	1.74±0.02	0.83	sm	M1
26	2.74±0.03	2.34±0.04	0.83	sm	M1
27	2.59±0.03	2.97±0.03	0.80	sm	M1
28	2.37±0.03	1.85±0.02	0.80	sm	M1
29	2.37±0.03	1.84±0.02	0.79	sm	M1
30	2.33±0.02	1.79±0.02	0.78	sm	M1
31	2.30±0.02	2.50±0.03	0.78	sm	M1
32	2.23±0.02	2.02±0.03	0.76	sm	M1
33	2.46±0.03	3.77±0.06	0.76	st	M1
34	2.23±0.02	3.94±0.12	0.71	st	S

类别	总读数	总碱基数(bp)	GC含量(%)	Q20(%)	Q30(%)
原始数据	2,671,194,894	400,679,234,100	45.37	97.79	93.20
有效数据	2,671,194,792	387,721,350,746	45.13	97.80	93.18

物种	2n	性染色体系统	核型公式	参考文献
Acanthoscurria gomesiana	43~46		m, sm, st, t	[41]
Aphonopelma hentzi	44	X₁X₂O		[42]
Avicularia minatrix	78	X₁X₂X₃X₄O	52m/sm+4st+18t+X₁sm+X₂m+X₃m+X₄t	[43]
Chaetopelma olivaceum	(16)			[19]
Grammostola rosea	72	X₁X₂O	64m+4sm+2st+X₁m+X₂sm	[44]
Grammostola aff. rosea	72	X₁X₂O+2CSCP	X₁m+X₂t+CSCP1m+CSCP2sm	[45]
Holothele cf. longipes	73	X₁X₂X₃O	66m/sm+4t/T+X₁X₂X₃m/sm	[44]
Idiothele mira	25	XO	18m+2sm+2st+2t+Xm	[44]
Ischnocolus jickelii	85	X₁X₂X₃O	70m+12sm+X₁X₂X₃m/sm	[44]
Pelinobius muticus	67	X₁X₂X₃O	46t+18m/sm+X1m+X₂st+X₃t	[44]
Poecilotheria formosa	110	X₁X₂X₃X₄O	30m+18sm+18st+40t+X₁X₂X₃m+X₄sm	[20]
Psalmopoeus cambridgei	84	X₁X₂O	64m/sm+18t+X₁X₂m	[44]
Pterinochilus lugardi	23	XO+CSCP	sm, m	[45]
Pterinochilus murinus	43	XO	36m+6sm+Xm	[44]
Pterinopelma roseum	48		st, t	[41]
Tekoapora wacketi	48		st, t	[41]
Tliltocatl albopilosus	74	X₁X₂X₃X₄O	64m/sm+6st+X₁X₂X₃X₄m	[44]
Vitalius dubius	74~81		m, sm, st, t	[41]
Vitalius sorocabae	48		st, t	[41]
Vitalius sp.	48		m, sm, st, t	[41]

敬钊缨毛蛛染色体核型和基因组特征分析

Karyotype and genome characterization analysis of Chilobrachys jingzhao (Theraphosidae: Chilobrachys)

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