生物学年龄评估衰老及其临床应用

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.26-015

遗传 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (7): 690-700.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.26-015

生物学年龄评估衰老及其临床应用

黄丹青¹(), 郭婧¹^,², 郭燕¹, 杨铁林¹^,²()

¹ 西安交通大学生命科学与技术学院，生物医学信息工程教育部重点实验室，西安 710049
² 西安交通大学第二附属医院，西安 710004

收稿日期:2026-01-23 修回日期:2026-04-09 出版日期:2026-04-20 发布日期:2026-04-20
通讯作者: 杨铁林，博士，教授，研究方向：生物医学信息大数据挖掘和疾病标志物鉴定与机制解析。E-mail: yangtielin@xjtu.edu.cn
作者简介:黄丹青，硕士研究生，专业方向：遗传发育与生物信息学。E-mail: hdq3029@stu.xjtu.edu.cn
基金资助:
西藏自治区科技计划中央引导地方项目(XZ202501YD0013);国家自然科学基金项目(82401762);中国博士后科学面上基金(2024M762573)

Assessment of biological age for aging evaluation and its clinical applications

Danqing Huang¹(), Jing Guo¹^,², Yan Guo¹, Tielin Yang¹^,²()

¹ Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
² The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China

Received:2026-01-23 Revised:2026-04-09 Published:2026-04-20 Online:2026-04-20
Supported by:
Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Project in Tibet Autonomous Region(XZ202501YD0013);National Natural Science Foundation of China(82401762);China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M762573)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球人口老龄化加剧，开发能够精准量化个体衰老状态、突破时序年龄评估局限的技术方法，已成为衰老研究与精准医学的重要需求。生物学年龄通过整合多组学数据与器官特异性生物标志物，为评估个体真实生理衰老进程及疾病风险提供了重要工具。本文系统综述了衰老评估方法的发展，重点阐述了基于表观遗传学标志物以及转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学标志物的衰老时钟构建策略及其演变，并探讨了基于影像学数据与多组学数据整合的器官特异性衰老评估新方法。结合这些方法在衰老相关疾病早期筛查与风险分层、个性化干预及健康管理中的临床应用证据，本文还进一步阐明了生物学年龄在精准衰老评估与干预中的重要价值与临床转化前景。

关键词: 衰老, 生物学年龄, 生物标志物, 多组学, 临床应用

Abstract:

As the global population ages, the development of methods that can accurately quantify individual aging status and overcome the limitations of chronological age assessment has become an important need in aging research and precision medicine. Biological age serves as an important tool for assessing an individual’s true physiological aging process and disease risk by integrating multi-omics data and organ-specific biomarkers. In this review, we systematically summarize the development of methods for assessing aging, with a focus on the construction strategies and evolution of aging clocks based on epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic markers. We also discuss emerging approaches for organ-specific aging assessment based on imaging data and the integration of multi-omics data. By synthesizing evidence for the clinical applications of these approaches in the early screening and risk stratification of aging-related diseases, personalized interventions, and health management, we further highlight the importance and translational potential of biological age in precision aging assessment and intervention.

Key words: aging, biological age, biomarker, multi-omics, clinical application

黄丹青, 郭婧, 郭燕, 杨铁林. 生物学年龄评估衰老及其临床应用[J]. 遗传, 2026, 48(7): 690-700.

Danqing Huang, Jing Guo, Yan Guo, Tielin Yang. Assessment of biological age for aging evaluation and its clinical applications[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2026, 48(7): 690-700.

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生物标志物类型	衰老时钟名称	优势	劣势
表观遗传学	Hannum时钟^[16]、Horvath时钟^[17]、DNAm GrimAge时钟^[19]、DunedinPoAm时钟^[21]等	• 预测精度高，跨组织/器官适用性强 • 可干预性明确，可逆性已临床验证	• 临床可及性有限，检测成本高 • 数据异质性高，不同平台和批次存在系统差异
转录组学	Peters时钟^[22]、Fleischer时钟^[23]、Meyer时钟^[24]等	• 模型可解释性强，直接关联基因表达 • 实验可验证性高	• 预测精度较低，不同队列间差异大 • 可干预性证据不足，调控效应不明确 • 临床可及性有限，不同平台数据异质性高
蛋白组学	Tanaka时钟^[31,33]、Lehallier时钟^[32]等	• 预测精度较高 • 功能关联性强，与临床结局密切相关	• 临床可及性中等，检测成本高于代谢组，不同平台数据异质性高 • 可干预性证据有限，系统性干预证据不足
代谢组学	Van den Akker时钟^[40]、Robinson时钟^[41]等	• 临床可及性高，检测成本低，适配大规模队列分析 • 代谢物通路富集明确	• 预测精度最低 • 可干预性证据不足，调控效应不明确

生物学年龄评估衰老及其临床应用

Assessment of biological age for aging evaluation and its clinical applications

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