七鳃鳗——铁代谢研究的极佳模型

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.23-317

遗传 ›› 2024, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 387-397.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.23-317

七鳃鳗——铁代谢研究的极佳模型

孙明洁¹^,²(), 卢佳丽¹^,², 逄越¹^,²()

1.辽宁师范大学生命科学学院，大连 116081
2.辽宁师范大学七鳃鳗研究中心，大连 116081

收稿日期:2023-12-22 修回日期:2024-03-15 出版日期:2024-04-28 发布日期:2024-04-28
通讯作者: 逄越 E-mail:sunmingjiehhh@163.com;pangyue01@163.com
作者简介:孙明洁，硕士研究生，专业方向：细胞生物学。E-mail: sunmingjiehhh@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(31772884);辽宁省科技厅应用基础项目(XLYC2002093);辽宁省教育厅项目(JTYQN2023268);辽宁省教育厅项目(JYTMS20231060);大连市青年科技之星项目(2022RQ041)

Lamprey——an excellent model for iron metabolism

Mingjie Sun¹^,²(), Jiali Lu¹^,², Yue Pang¹^,²()

1. College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
2. Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China

Received:2023-12-22 Revised:2024-03-15 Published:2024-04-28 Online:2024-04-28
Contact: Yue Pang E-mail:sunmingjiehhh@163.com;pangyue01@163.com
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772884);Applied Basic Research Project of the Science and Technology Department of Liaoning Province(XLYC2002093);Project of the Educational Department of Liaoning Province(JTYQN2023268);Project of the Educational Department of Liaoning Province(JYTMS20231060);Dalian Youth Science and Technology Star Fund Project(2022RQ041)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

七鳃鳗历经5亿年的进化历程，所处的自然环境具有低温及铁含量较高等特点，且在变态发育过程中组织结构和生命机制已经发展出其独特的适应性的进化方式，这为人们进一步研究生命起源和进化提供了新的方向。铁是人体必需的营养素之一，在代谢过程中发挥重要的作用，但当过量时可能导致铁中毒。七鳃鳗体内游离铁含量很高，如变态前幼体的血清铁浓度是人类正常男性的149倍，幼体肝中的铁含量约是人类正常含量的2~3倍。七鳃鳗具有完备的生物化学系统耐受体内高浓度的游离铁，铁稳态的重要基因如转铁蛋白、铁蛋白重链、超氧化物歧化酶等基因高表达，提升了铁转运、铁储存及抗氧化能力。七鳃鳗具有IRE/IRP调控系统，是适应组织内高铁环境的重要保护机制。此外，七鳃鳗在变态发育过程中逐渐形成口腔腺，成为独特的铁代谢器官。本文主要介绍了七鳃鳗各组织铁的分布及适应体内高铁含量的潜在机制，为后续寻找调控铁代谢分子机制提供理论基础。

关键词: 七鳃鳗, 铁代谢, 适应进化, 变态发育

Abstract:

After 500 million years of evolution, lamprey is in a natural environment characterized by low temperature and high iron content, and its unique adaptive evolution mode has developed its organizational structure and life mechanism in the process of metamorphosis, which provides a new direction for people to further study the origin and evolution of life. Iron is one of the essential nutrients for the human body and plays an important role in metabolic processes, but when exceeded, it can lead to iron toxicity. For example, the serum iron concentration of pre-metamorphosis larvae is 149 times that of normal males, and the iron content in the liver of juveniles is about 2-3 times that of normal humans. Lamprey has a complete biochemical system to tolerate high concentrations of free iron in the body, and high expression of important genes for iron homeostasis, such as transferrin, ferritin heavy chain, superoxide dismutase, etc., improves iron transport, iron storage and antioxidant capacity. Lamprey has an IRE/IRP regulatory system, which is an important protection mechanism for lamprey to adapt to the high iron content environment in the organization. In addition, lampreys gradually form oral glands during metamorphosis and development, which become the unique iron metabolism organs of lampreys. In this review, we mainly summarize the distribution of iron in various tissues of lamprey and the potential mechanism of adapting to the content of iron in the body, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent search for the molecular mechanism of iron metabolism.

Key words: lamprey, iron metabolism, adaptive evolution, metamorphosis

孙明洁, 卢佳丽, 逄越. 七鳃鳗——铁代谢研究的极佳模型[J]. 遗传, 2024, 46(5): 387-397.

Mingjie Sun, Jiali Lu, Yue Pang. Lamprey——an excellent model for iron metabolism[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2024, 46(5): 387-397.

图/表 2

表1

七鳃鳗不同发育阶段体内铁沉积表达部位变化"

铁沉积部位	变态前（幼体）	变态后（成体）	铁沉积原因
皮肤	除尾部外，所有体区的背侧和外侧表皮均有铁沉积，但腹侧表皮未见铁沉积。表皮的粘液细胞含有铁蛋白颗粒^[22]。	铁蛋白颗粒在表层细胞中更为丰富，粘液细胞中铁以铁蛋白的形式存在^[21]。	粘液细胞中的铁与体色素沉着有关，这可能代表了一种潜在的铁排泄途径^[22]。
肾	前肾小管的上皮细胞和管腔内含有高浓度的铁。近端小管以铁血黄素的形式储存铁，后肾中未检测到铁的积累^[6]。	近端小管以铁蛋白储存铁^[21]。	变态前幼鱼的血液中含有大量的铁，血浆在肾小球中过滤，含铁的蛋白被吸收到变态前幼鱼的近端小管，以铁血黄素的形式储存阻止铁的毒性。在变态后幼鱼中，其血液中的铁浓度降低，肝脏起着过滤血液的作用，近端小管主要以铁蛋白储存铁^[40]。
肝脏	七鳃鳗幼鱼少数肝细胞存在低浓度的铁。胆总管周围的结缔组织中存在铁^[6]。	肝细胞的溶酶体和细胞质基质中富含铁。铁蛋白颗粒在胞质基质和多形态的致密小体中大量存在。含铁血黄素在变态末期占肝脏中非血红素铁的比例越来越大^[38]。	在七鳃鳗变态前幼鱼中，存在功能正常的胆道，七鳃鳗通过胆汁清除肠道中的铁。在整个变态过程中，铁蛋白铁是肝脏中主要的非血红素铁成分，有利于调节铁的流动性。变态末期铁血黄素比例增加，减轻高浓度铁对机体造成的损伤^[28]。
肠道	肠沟顶端的上皮和后肠远端区域的粘膜细胞中含铁水平较高，吸收细胞中也存在铁^[6]。	吸收细胞细胞质基质中观察到微量的铁蛋白颗粒^[29]。	后肠粘膜细胞内铁的存在可能是铁摄取过多以及由于体内铁储存充足而缺乏向血管转移的结果，也可能反映了金属从血浆沉积到粘膜细胞以消除铁的目的。吸收细胞中的铁也被认为可能起到了消除铁的作用^[37]。

表1

图1

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