古基因组视角下的亚洲北部人群迁徙和演化机制

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.24-196

遗传 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 34-45.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.24-196

古基因组视角下的亚洲北部人群迁徙和演化机制

张达轩(), 戴沈汝, 崔银秋()

吉林大学生命科学学院，长春 130012

收稿日期:2024-07-01 修回日期:2024-10-08 出版日期:2025-01-20 发布日期:2024-11-06
通讯作者: 崔银秋，博士，教授，研究方向：古基因组学。E-mail: cuiyq@jlu.edu.cn
作者简介:张达轩，博士研究生，专业方向：生物化学与分子生物学。E-mail: dxzhang20@mails.jlu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42072018);国家自然科学基金项目(42372017)

The migration and evolutionary mechanisms of northern Asian populations from the perspective of ancient genomics

Daxuan Zhang(), Shenru Dai, Yinqiu Cui()

School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China

Received:2024-07-01 Revised:2024-10-08 Published:2025-01-20 Online:2024-11-06
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42072018);National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372017)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

广袤的亚洲北部地区，包括西伯利亚、蒙古高原以及中国北方地区，不仅是欧亚大陆上人群交流的十字路口，也是连接美洲大陆的重要桥梁，这一区域对于探索人类起源、追踪人类迁移路线以及阐释演化机制具有独特且不可替代的重要性。尽管由于样本发掘数量有限、保存状态不一和技术手段的制约，人们对亚洲北部地区人群互动过程的理解尚处于初步阶段，但高通量测序技术的发展及其在古DNA研究中的进展为人们提供了从分子层面深入探究古代人群遗传历史的全新视角。本文通过综合分析亚洲北部地区不同阶段古代人群的遗传结构变化，旨在揭示该地区古代人群间的互动模式、遗传结构的演变过程以及他们对现代人群的遗传贡献；此外，本文还探讨了人类应对极端自然条件的适应性策略。这些研究不仅加深了人们对人类起源和迁移过程的理解，还将为研究人类在环境选择压力下的演化机制和适应性策略提供了坚实的基础。

关键词: 基因组学研究, 古DNA, 亚洲北部, 人类演化, 迁徙模式, 适应性策略

Abstract:

The northern part of Asia, including Siberia, the Mongolian Plateau, and northern China, is not only a crossroads for population exchange on the Eurasian continent but also an important bridge connecting the American continent. This region holds a unique and irreplaceable significance in exploring the origins of humanity, tracking human migration routes, and elucidating evolutionary mechanisms. Despite the limited number of samples unearthed, varying preservation conditions, and constraints of technical means, our understanding of the interactions among populations in northern Asia is still in its infancy. However, the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and its advancement in ancient DNA research have provided us with a new perspective for delving into the genetic history of ancient populations from a molecular level. In this review, we synthesize the changes in the genetic structure of ancient populations in different stages of northern Asia, aiming to reveal the patterns of interaction among ancient populations in this region, the evolutionary process of their genetic structure, and their genetic contributions to modern populations. It will also discuss the adaptive strategies of humans in response to extreme natural conditions. This will not only deepen our understanding of the origins and migration processes of humanity but also provide a solid foundation for studying the evolutionary mechanisms and adaptive strategies of humans under environmental selective pressures.

Key words: genomic research, ancient DNA, northern Asia, human evolution, migration pattern, adaptive strategies

张达轩, 戴沈汝, 崔银秋. 古基因组视角下的亚洲北部人群迁徙和演化机制[J]. 遗传, 2025, 47(1): 34-45.

Daxuan Zhang, Shenru Dai, Yinqiu Cui. The migration and evolutionary mechanisms of northern Asian populations from the perspective of ancient genomics[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2025, 47(1): 34-45.

图/表 1

图1

古代人群的地理分布图及遗传结构示意图 A：旧石器时代(更新世晚期-全新世)。Tianyuan和AR33K为亚洲早期古代人群遗传结构主要代表；Yana为ANS遗传结构的主要代表；MA1和AG3为ANE遗传结构的主要代表；AR13-10K为ANA遗传结构的主要代表，UKY、Dzhylinda-1和Kolyma为APS遗传结构的主要代表。ANE遗传结构与ANS遗传结构具有紧密联系，是ANS遗传结构的后裔；ANE遗传结构与ANA遗传结构还有美洲土著人群遗传结构共同形成了独特的APS遗传结构。B：新石器时代。贝加尔湖地区WestBaikal-EN、Fofonovo-EN与蒙古高原地区centralMongolia-preBA人群遗传结构是ANA遗传结构与ANE遗传结构之间交流互动的结果，同时在贝加尔湖地区TransBaikal-EN人群与蒙古地区Mongolia-North-N人群都属于ANA遗传结构；俄罗斯雅库特地区Yakutia-MN人群遗传结构是ANA遗传结构与APS遗传结构交流互动的结果，同时在该地区存在的遗传连续性，稍晚时期的Yakutia-LN人群遗传结构是Yakutia-MN人群遗传结构与ANA遗传结构交流互动的结果；黑龙江境内的AR-EN、ARpost9K人群与俄罗斯远东地区的DevilsCave人群与ANA遗传结构一致；黄河流域下游YR-MN人群是稳定且独特的黄河流域遗传结构的主要代表，黄河中上游Upper-YR-LN、Shimao-LN人群以及西辽河流域WLR-MN人群是YR-MN遗传结构与ANA遗传结构交流互动的结果。C：金属时代(包括青铜时代和铁器时代)。贝加尔湖地区WestBaikal-LNBA人群是ANA与ANE的遗传交流的结果；蒙古地区存在与青铜时代早期草原Afanasievo人群遗传结构完全一致的Mongolia-Afanasievo人群、与ANA遗传结构完全一致的Ulaanzuukh-SlabGrave人群、中亚(BMAC)人群遗传结构与ANE遗传结构交流互动产生的Chemurchek-southAltai人群以及与周边地区频繁互动产生的遗传结构高度异质化的Xiongnu人群；黑龙江境内存在文化上属于鲜卑人群，遗传结构上与ANA遗传结构完全一致的AR-Xianbei-IA人群；黄河流域下游YR-LBIA人群保持着黄河流域遗传结构稳定性；黄河上游Upper-YR-IA人群以及西辽河流域WLR-BA人群是YR-MN遗传结构与ANA遗传结构交流互动的结果，分别与本地区较早人群相比具有更多黄河流域人群遗传成分。地图来自网站http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/index.html，标准地图审图号GS(2016)2962。"

图1

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古基因组视角下的亚洲北部人群迁徙和演化机制

The migration and evolutionary mechanisms of northern Asian populations from the perspective of ancient genomics

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