失活X染色体基因逃逸与系统性红斑狼疮的性别二态性

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.23-214

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Hereditas(Beijing) ›› 2024, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (1): 18-33.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.23-214

• Review • Previous Articles Next Articles

Genes that escape from X-chromosome inactivation and sexual dimorphism of systemic lupus erythematosus

Qian Ma^1,²(), Shaolan Zhou³(), Jie Dang^2,⁴, Zhenghao Huo^2,⁴(), Zhanbing Ma^2,⁴()

1. School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
2. Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
3. Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
4. Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance (Ningxia Medical University), Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China

Received:2023-10-07 Revised:2023-12-11 Online:2024-01-20 Published:2023-12-13
Contact: Zhenghao Huo,Zhanbing Ma E-mail:maqian226@126.com;64758961@qq.com;huozhh@163.com;1784947489@qq.com
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060301);National Natural Science Foundation of China(81960306);Natural Science Foundation of the Ningxia(22KJB180014);Natural Science Foundation of the Ningxia(2020AAC03116)

Abstract

Abstract:

X chromosome inactivation can balance the effects of the two X chromosomes in females, and emerging evidence indicates that numerous genes on the inactivated X chromosome have the potential to evade inactivation. The mechanisms of escape include modification of DNA, RNA, histone, epitope, and various regulatory proteins, as well as the spatial structure of chromatin. The study of X chromosome inactivation escape has paved the way for investigating sex dimorphism in human diseases, particularly autoimmune diseases. It has been demonstrated that the presence of TLR7, CD40L, IRAK-1, CXCR3, and CXorf21 significantly contributes to the prevalence of SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) in females. This article mainly reviews the molecular mechanisms underlying these genes that escape from X-chromosome inactivation and sexual dimorphism of systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in SLE is not only crucial for diagnosing and treating the disease, but also holds theoretical significance in comprehensively understanding the development and regulatory mechanisms of the human immune system.

Key words: inactive X chromosome, gene, escape, sexual dimorphism, systemic lupus erythematosus

Qian Ma, Shaolan Zhou, Jie Dang, Zhenghao Huo, Zhanbing Ma. Genes that escape from X-chromosome inactivation and sexual dimorphism of systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2024, 46(1): 18-33.

Figures/Tables 3

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Table 1

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名称	位置	表达情况	生物学功能	参考文献
TLR7	Xp22.2	与健康对照相比，SLE患者表达升高；与男性特纳综合征患者相比，女性患者表达升高	调节B细胞增殖、分化和存活，激活自身反应性B细胞，促进自身抗体产生；促进Th1极化；调节CCL5分泌；促进I型干扰素分泌	[66,67,68,69,70]
CD40L	Xq26	与男性相比，女性SLE患者B细胞表达升高	促进CD4⁺T细胞反应；诱导幼稚CD8⁺T细胞活化，促进对效应细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的启动	[83,84]
CXCR3	Xq13	与健康对照相比，SLE患者表达升高；肾脏受累SLE患者表达升高	诱导趋化因子受体和Th1免疫反应	[87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95]
IRAK-1	Xq28	与健康对照相比，SLE患者CD4⁺T细胞表达升高；与男性SLE患者相比，女性患者 T细胞中表达升高	激活免疫反应；促进T细胞亚群的分化和激活，进而促进自身免疫反应	[95,96,97,98,99, 100,101,102,103,104]
CXorf21	Xp21	与男性相比，女性免疫细胞中表达升高	特异性激活转录因子IRF5；调节TLR7和TLR9的表达，影响IFN-α、TNF-α、IL-6和趋化因子的表达，影响STAT1和IRF5的磷酸化	[105,106,107,108]

Genes that escape from X-chromosome inactivation and sexual dimorphism of systemic lupus erythematosus

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