靶向RNA的CRISPR/Cas系统及衍生技术

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.24-311

遗传 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8): 842-860.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.24-311

靶向RNA的CRISPR/Cas系统及衍生技术

周迅¹^,²^,³(), 周世杰¹^,²^,³, 刘捷¹^,²^,³, 王宇祥¹^,²^,³()

1.东北农业大学动物科学技术学院，哈尔滨 150030
2.农业农村部鸡遗传育种重点实验室，哈尔滨 150030
3.黑龙江省普通高校动物遗传育种与繁殖重点实验室，哈尔滨 150030

收稿日期:2024-11-01 修回日期:2025-02-23 出版日期:2025-08-20 发布日期:2025-04-27
通讯作者: 王宇祥，教授，研究方向：动物分子遗传学。E-mail: wyx2000@neau.edu.cn
作者简介:周迅，硕士研究生，专业方向：动物分子遗传学。E-mail: s230502025@neau.edn.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1300100)

CRISPR/Cas system targeting RNA and its derivative technology

Xun Zhou¹^,²^,³(), Shijie Zhou¹^,²^,³, Jie Liu¹^,²^,³, Yuxiang Wang¹^,²^,³()

1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
2. Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
3. Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China

Received:2024-11-01 Revised:2025-02-23 Published:2025-08-20 Online:2025-04-27
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1300100)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

RNA编辑是表观遗传学领域重要的研究方向之一。随着研究的深入，科学家们发现CRISPR/Cas系统不仅可以靶向DNA，也可以靶向RNA，从而实现转录水平的基因精准编辑；同时，使用CRISPR/Cas系统进行RNA编辑也可以避免对基因组的破坏。目前，基于靶向RNA的CRISPR系统已开发出多种衍生技术，如RNA敲低和编辑、核酸检测和成像、RNA示踪等。这些衍生技术的出现，为生物遗传机制解析和疾病治疗提供了有利工具。本文归纳总结了靶向RNA的CRISPR/Cas系统的结构、功能、机制以及开发的衍生技术，以期丰富人们对CRISPR/Cas系统编辑RNA的认知。

关键词: 基因编辑, CRISPR/Cas系统, RNA, 功能及应用

Abstract:

RNA editing is one of the important research directions in the field of epigenetics. With further research, scientists have discovered that the CRISPR/Cas system can target not only DNA but also RNA, thereby achieving precise gene editing at the transcriptional level. Moreover, using the CRISPR/Cas system for RNA editing can also avoid damage to genome. At present, a variety of derivative technologies based on RNA-targeting CRISPR systems have been developed, including RNA knockdown and editing, nucleic acid detection and imaging, and RNA tracking. The emergence of these derivative technologies provides powerful tools for deciphering biological genetic mechanisms and disease treatment. In this review, we summarize the structure, function, mechanisms, and derived technologies of RNA-targeting CRISPR/Cas systems, aiming to enrich people’s understanding of CRISPR/Cas-mediated RNA editing.

Key words: gene editing, CRISPR/Cas system, RNA, function and application

周迅, 周世杰, 刘捷, 王宇祥. 靶向RNA的CRISPR/Cas系统及衍生技术[J]. 遗传, 2025, 47(8): 842-860.

Xun Zhou, Shijie Zhou, Jie Liu, Yuxiang Wang. CRISPR/Cas system targeting RNA and its derivative technology[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2025, 47(8): 842-860.

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大类	型	亚型	包含的Cas蛋白	主要靶向的目标
第一类	I型	I-A、I-B、I-C、I-D、I-E、I-F1、I-F2、I-F3	Cas1、Cas2、Cas3、Cas4、Cas5、Cas6、Cas7、Cas8	ssDNA
	III型	III-A、III-B、III-C、III-D、III-E、III-F	Cas1、Cas2、Cas5、Cas6、Cas7、Cas10、Cas11	ssDNA和ssRNA
	IV型	IV-A、IV-B、IV-C	Cas1、Cas2、Cas5、Cas6、Cas7	—
	VII型(候选成员)	—	Cas5、Cas7、Cas6、Cas14	ssRNA
第二类	II型	II-A、II-B、II-C1、II-C2(效应蛋白都称为Cas9)	Cas1、Cas2、Cas4、Cas9	dsDNA
	V型	V-A(Cas12a)、V-B(Cas12b)、V-C(Cas12c)、V-D(Cas12d)、V-E(Cas13e)、V-F1(Cas14a)、V-U3(C2c10)、V-F2(Cas14b)、V-F3(Cas14c)、V-G(Cas12g)、V-U1(C2c4)、V-U2(C2c8)、V-U4(C2c9)、V-K/V-U5(C2c5)	Cas1、Cas2、Cas4、Cas12	ssDNA和dsDNA
	VI型	VI-A(Cas13a)、VI-B1(Cas1b1)、VI-B2(Cas13b2)、VI-C(Cas13c)、VI-D(Cas13d)	Cas1、Cas2、Cas13	ssRNA

分类	复合物类型	特异性 ssRNase 活性	ssDNase 活性	合成cOAs (造成非特异性RNA 切割)	核心 Cas蛋白	Csm/Cmr复合物的组成	共同的 Cas蛋白	不同的 Cas蛋白
III-A	Csm	是	是	是	Cas10	Cas5(Csm4)、Cas7(Csm3/Csm5)、Cas10(Csm1)、Cas11(Csm2)	除III-E系统只有Cas7和Cas11外，其他5个III型系统都包含Cas5、Cas7、Cas10和Cas11这4个Cas蛋白	Cas1、Cas2 每个亚型携带的辅助蛋白
III-B	Cmr	是	是	是	Cas10	Cas5(Cmr3)、Cas7(Cmr4/Cmr1/Cmr6)、Cas10(Cmr2)、Cas11(Cmr5)
III-C	Cmr	是	是	否	Cas10	Cas5(Cmr3)、Cas7(Cmr4/Cmr1/Cmr6)、Cas10(Cmr2)、Cas11(Cmr5)
III-D	Csm	是	否	是	Cas10	Cas5(Csm4)、Cas7(Csm3/Csm5)、Cas10(Csm1)、Cas11(Csm2)
III-E	Csm	是	否	否	Cas7和 Cas11	Cas7和Cas11
III-F	Csm	否	是	是	Cas10	Cas5(Csm4)、Cas7(Csm3)、 Cas10(Csm1)、Cas11(Csm2)

靶向RNA的CRISPR/Cas系统及衍生技术

CRISPR/Cas system targeting RNA and its derivative technology

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