CRISPR/Cas核糖核蛋白介导的植物基因组编辑

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.20-017

遗传 ›› 2020, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (6): 556-564.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.20-017

CRISPR/Cas核糖核蛋白介导的植物基因组编辑

李霞, 施皖, 耿立召, 许建平()

先正达北京创新中心,北京 102206

收稿日期:2020-01-13 修回日期:2020-04-27 出版日期:2020-06-20 发布日期:2020-05-21
通讯作者: 许建平 E-mail:jianping.xu@syngenta.com
作者简介:李霞,博士,研究方向：植物遗传转化和植物基因组编辑。E-mail: 46831067@qq.com

Genome editing in plants directed by CRISPR/Cas ribonucleoprotein complexes

Xia Li, Wan Shi, Lizhao Geng, Jianping Xu()

Syngenta Beijing Innovation Center, Beijing 102206, China

Received:2020-01-13 Revised:2020-04-27 Online:2020-06-20 Published:2020-05-21
Contact: Xu Jianping E-mail:jianping.xu@syngenta.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins)系统作为一种重要的基因编辑工具,自诞生以来被广泛应用于作物的性状改良。与CRISPR/Cas DNA载体介导的植物基因组编辑相比,CRISPR/Cas核糖核蛋白(CRISPR/Cas ribonucleoprotein, CRISPR/Cas RNP)介导的植物基因组编辑具有作用迅速、脱靶率低和无外源DNA插入(DNA-free)等优点,因而无需清除CRISPR编辑工具而更容易获得纯合的编辑体。但是,由于植物细胞转化方法和细胞再生技术的限制,不借助筛选标记的辅助将CRISPR/Cas RNP直接导入植物细胞并获得高效基因编辑仍比较困难,直接限制了CRISPR/Cas RNP在植物基因组编辑中的广泛应用。本文系统介绍了CRISPR/Cas RNP 基因组编辑技术的分子作用机理及其优势,并总结了CRISPR/Cas RNP导入植物细胞的方法,最后对CRISPR/Cas RNP在植物基因组编辑中的新应用和新思路进行了展望,以期为进一步改进CRISPR/Cas RNP基因组编辑技术和扩大其在作物改良中的应用提供参考。

关键词: CRISPR/Cas, 基因编辑, 核糖核蛋白, 无外源DNA插入, 植物转化

Abstract:

The CRISPR/Cas system is the most popular genome editing technology in recent years and has been widely used in crop improvement. Compared with introducing the CRISPR/Cas system into plant cells with DNA constructs, introducing CRISPR/Cas ribonucleoprotein (RNP) to perform genome editing excels in rapid action, low off-target rates and is free of DNA insertions in editing plants. However, efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas RNP into plant cells and achieving high editing frequency are still very challenging, which limits the extensive implementation of CRISPR/Cas RNP-mediated genome editing in plants. In this review, we summarize the progress of protein and RNP delivery methods in plant cells, and provide new perspectives of further development and future applications of the CRISPR/Cas RNP technology in plant genome editing.

Key words: CRISPR/Cas, genome editing, ribonucleoprotein (RNP), DNA-free, plant transformation

李霞, 施皖, 耿立召, 许建平. CRISPR/Cas核糖核蛋白介导的植物基因组编辑[J]. 遗传, 2020, 42(6): 556-564.

Xia Li, Wan Shi, Lizhao Geng, Jianping Xu. Genome editing in plants directed by CRISPR/Cas ribonucleoprotein complexes[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2020, 42(6): 556-564.

图/表 2

图1

表1

利用CRISPR/Cas RNP介导的植物基因组编辑研究"

性状基因	细胞类型	导入方法	编辑工具	编辑结果	文献来源
油菜素内酯信号途径负调控因子基因(brassinosteroid insensitive 2, BIN2)的同源基因	生菜(L. sativa)原生质体Lactuca sativa	PEG	Cas9	编辑体占再生植株的46%	[6]
茉莉酸合成途径丙二烯氧化物环化酶基因(allen oxide cyclase, AOC)	烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)原生质体	PEG	Cas9	深度测序编辑频率44%	[6]
光敏色素B基因(phytochrome B, PHYB),油菜素内酯信号途径负调控因子基因(brassinosteroid insensitive 1, BRI1)	拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh.) 原生质体	PEG	Cas9	PHYB：深度测序编辑频率16%;BRI1：两条sgRNA同时引导切割,在两个靶点间产生223 bp缺失	[6]]
细胞色素基因P450,DDB1结合WD40蛋白编码基因DWD1	水稻(O. sativa cv. Dongjin)原生质体	PEG	Cas9	深度测序编辑频率：19%(P450)和8.4%(DWD1)	[6]]
硝酸还原酶基因(nitrate reductase, NR)	矮牵牛(Petunia × hybrida hort. ex E. Vilm.)原生质体	PEG	Cas9	深度测序编辑频率5.3%~17.8%	[39]]
苹果火疫病易感基因DIPM-1,2,4	苹果(Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golden delicious)原生质体	PEG	Cas9	深度测序编辑频率：6.7%(DIPM-1),0.5-3.3%(DIPM-2),2.5-6.9%(DIPM-3)	[40]]
葡萄白粉病易感基因(mildew resistance locus O-7, MLO-7)	葡萄(V. vinifera cv. Chardonnay)原生质体	PEG	Cas9	深度测序编辑频率0.1%	[40]
叶舌发育相关基因(ligulelss1, LIG1),乙酰乳酸合成酶基因(acetolactate synthase 2, ALS2),雄性不育基因MS26、MS45	玉米(Z. mays L.)幼胚	基因枪加阳离子脂质体	Cas9	编辑体分别占再生植株的4.0%(MS45)、9.7%(LIG1)和2.4%(MS26);两棵植株在ALS2位点发生同源重组介导的氨基酸精准替换	[26]
籽粒粒重相关基因(grain width 2, TaGW2),籽粒粒长相关基因TaGASR7	小麦(T. aestivum cv. Kenong 199和cv. YZ814)幼胚	基因枪	Cas9	编辑体分别占总外植体的4%~5%(cv. Kenong 199)和1%~2%(cv. YZ814)	[30]
脂肪酸去饱和酶基因(fatty acid desaturase, FAD)2-1A、FAD2-1B	大豆(Glycine max L. Merr.)原生质体	PEG	Cas12a	深度测序编辑频率：FAD2-1A 0.0%~11.7%,FAD2-1B 0.0%~9.1%	[41]
丙二烯氧化物环化酶基因AOC	野生烟草(Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S.Watson)原生质体	PEG	Cas12a	深度测序编辑频率0.08%~0.8%	[41]
类胡萝卜素合成途径八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因(phytoene desaturase, PDS)和春化作用调控基因(frigida ,FRI)	卷心菜(Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. f. alba)、大白菜(B. rapa subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt ex Mansf.)和油菜(B. napus L. cv. Topaz)原生质体	PEG	Cas9	深度测序编辑频率：卷心菜0.09%~2.25%(FRI)和0.14%~ 1.33% (PDS),大白菜1.15%~ 24.51%(FRI)和3.78%~24.51% (PDS),油菜0%	[42]
结合态淀粉合成酶基因(granule-bound starch synthase, GBSS)	马铃薯(S. tuberosum cv. Kuras)原生质体	PEG	Cas9	编辑体占再生植株的：1%~9% (化学合成sgRNA)和22%~ 25% (体外转录sgRNA);4条等位基因全部被编辑的植株占再生植株的2%~3%	[43]
红色荧光蛋白报告基因DsRed2,中脉形成和心皮发育调控基因(drooping leaf, DL),籽粒粒形相关基因(grain width 7, GW7),精卵融合调控基因(generative cell specific-1, GCS1)	水稻(O. sativa cv. Nipponbare)合子	PEG	Cas9	编辑体植株分别占PEG转化合子数的25% (DsRed2)、13.6%~14.3% (DL)、21.4% (GW7)和64% (GCS1)	[46]
八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因OsPDS	水稻(O. sativa cv. Nipponbare)幼胚	基因枪	Cas9	编辑体占再生植株(经共转化筛选标记筛选)的33.8%	[8]
八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因OsPDS	水稻(O. sativa cv. Nipponbare)幼胚	基因枪	Cas9和Cas12a	编辑体分别占再生植株(经共转化筛选标记筛选)的3.6%(野生型Cas9)、8.8% (HiFi Cas9)、0.0% (AsCas12a)和23.8% (LbCas12a)	[31]
橙色荧光蛋白报告基因pporRFP	烟草(N. tabacum cv. Bright Yellow-2)BY-2悬浮细胞系	阳离子脂质体和基因枪	Cas9	编辑体占随机挑选细胞团的6% (阳离子脂质体)和3% (基因枪)	[48]

表1

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CRISPR/Cas核糖核蛋白介导的植物基因组编辑

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[1]	卞中, 曹东平, 庄文姝, 张舒玮, 刘巧泉, 张林. 水稻分子设计育种启示：传统与现代相结合[J]. 遗传, 2023, 45(9): 718-740.
[2]	王秉政, 张超, 张佳丽, 孙锦. 利用单转录本表达Cas9和sgRNA条件性编辑果蝇基因组[J]. 遗传, 2023, 45(7): 593-601.
[3]	刘丹妮, 武海萍, 周国华. 可视化分析在病原体核酸现场快速检测中的研究进展[J]. 遗传, 2023, 45(4): 306-323.
[4]	吴仲胜, 高誉, 杜勇涛, 党颂, 何康敏. CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术对细胞内源蛋白进行荧光标记的实验操作[J]. 遗传, 2023, 45(2): 165-175.
[5]	刘梅珍, 王立人, 李咏梅, 马雪云, 韩红辉, 李大力. 利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建基因编辑大鼠模型[J]. 遗传, 2023, 45(1): 78-87.
[6]	张潇筠, 徐坤, 沈俊岑, 穆璐, 钱泓润, 崔婕妤, 马宝霞, 陈知龙, 张智英, 魏泽辉. 一种新型提高HDR效率的CRISPR/Cas9-Gal4BD供体适配基因编辑系统[J]. 遗传, 2022, 44(8): 708-719.
[7]	张充, 魏子璇, 王敏, 陈瑶生, 何祖勇. 利用CRISPR/Cas9在人类黑色素瘤细胞中编辑MC1R与功能分析[J]. 遗传, 2022, 44(7): 581-590.
[8]	刘尧, 周先辉, 黄舒泓, 王小龙. 引导编辑：突破碱基编辑类型的新技术[J]. 遗传, 2022, 44(11): 993-1008.
[9]	韩玉婷, 许博文, 李羽童, 卢心怡, 董习之, 邱雨浩, 车沁耘, 朱芮葆, 郑丽, 李孝宸, 司绪, 倪建泉. 模式动物果蝇的基因调控前沿技术[J]. 遗传, 2022, 44(1): 3-14.
[10]	王海涛, 李亭亭, 黄勋, 马润林, 刘秋月. 遗传修饰技术在绵羊分子设计育种中的应用[J]. 遗传, 2021, 43(6): 580-600.
[11]	杨光武, 田嫄. 果蝇F-box基因Ppa促进脂肪储存[J]. 遗传, 2021, 43(6): 615-622.
[12]	彭定威, 李瑞强, 曾武, 王敏, 石翾, 曾检华, 刘小红, 陈瑶生, 何祖勇. 编辑MSTN半胱氨酸节基元促进两广小花猪肌肉生长[J]. 遗传, 2021, 43(3): 261-270.
[13]	王娜, 甲芝莲, 吴强. RFX5调控原钙粘蛋白α基因簇的表达[J]. 遗传, 2020, 42(8): 760-774.
[14]	李国玲, 杨善欣, 吴珍芳, 张献伟. 提高CRISPR/Cas9介导的动物基因组精确插入效率研究进展[J]. 遗传, 2020, 42(7): 641-656.
[15]	陈赢男, 陆静. CRISPR/Cas9系统在林木基因编辑中的应用[J]. 遗传, 2020, 42(7): 657-668.