ISSR分子标记是在SSR标记基础上发展起来的一种新技术，其基本原理是在SSR的5′或3′端加锚1~4个嘌呤或嘧啶碱基，然后以此为引物，对两侧具有反向排列SSR的一段基因组DNA序列进行扩增。重复序列和锚定碱基是随机选择的，扩增产物经聚丙烯酰胺或琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离后，每个引物可以产生比RAPD方法更多的扩增片段，因此，ISSR标记是一种快速、可靠、可以提供有关基因组丰富信息的DNA指纹技术。ISSR标记呈孟德尔式遗传，在多数物种中是显性的，目前已广泛用于植物品种鉴定、遗传作图、基因定位、遗传多样性、进化及分子生态学研究中。

ISSR Markers and Their Applications in Plant Genetics
WANG Jian-bo
Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China
Abstract:Recently,inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers have emerged as an alternative system with reliability and advantages of microsatellites (SSR).The technique involves amplification of genomic segments flanked by inversely oriented and closely spaced microsatellite sequences by a single primer or a pair of primers based on SSRs anchored 5′ or 3′ with 1-4 purine or pyramidine residues.The sequences of repeats and anchor nucleates are arbitrarily selected.Coupled with the separation of amplification products on a polyacrylamide or agarose gels,ISSR amplification can reveal a much larger number of fragments per primer than RAPD.It is concluded that ISSR technique provides a quick,reliable and highly informative system for DNA fingerprinting.ISSR markers are inherited in Mendelin mode and segregated as dominant markers.This technique has been widely used in the studies of cultivar identification,genetic mapping,gene tagging,genetic diversity,evolution and molecular ecology.
Key words：molecular markers; ISSR; plant;applications

超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)在需氧原核生物和真核生物中广泛存在，是活性氧清除系统中第一个发挥作用的抗氧化酶。植物正常代谢过程和在各种环境胁迫下均能产生活性氧和自由基，活性氧和自由基的积累引起细胞结构和功能的破坏。SOD岐化超氧物阴离子自由基生成过氧化氢和分子氧，在保护细胞免受氧化损伤过程中具有十分重要的作用。本文综述了SOD的功能、在细胞中的分布、表达调控和与植物抗逆性的关系。
Abstract:Superoxide Dismutases (SODs) are ubiquitously expressed antioxidant enzyme in aerobic organisms and catalyze dismutation of superoxide anion to hydrogen and molecular oxygen,the first step in active oxygen-scavenging systems.SODs play a central role in protecting cells against the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species generated during normal cellular metabolic activity or as a result of various environmental stresses.This paper reviews the expression and regulation of Sod genes and their functional role(s) during development and in response to stresses.

本文介绍了一套简单快速的DNA银染以及胶保存的方法，整个过程仅需10~15分钟，而且背景浅，条带清楚，灵敏度高，稳定性好。胶保存采用双层玻璃纸夹心法，可长久地保存胶显色时的原貌。以常规PAG胶检测和HLA的SSCP分型为例，利用该套方法进行了银染以及胶的保存，均得到了满意的结果。该方法具有推广价值。
Abstract:This paper introduced the simple and rapid methods of silver staining and gel preservation.It was taken only about 10 and 15 minutes to stain a gel.The background of gel was light,the bands were clear,the sensibility was high and the stabilization was well by the method of silver staining.The gel preservation adopted a method named two-layer transparent plastic paper "Sandwich" which could keep the gel with primitive colors for a long time.The methods were used on PAG checking and SSCP typing of HLA and the results were satisfactory.The set of methods are expected to be widely used in laboratories.

构建了一个用于绘制基因结构示意图的网站系统(http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn/)。用户可提交核酸序列、NCBI核酸序列号或基因外显子位置信息, 得到基因结构示意图; 并可指定在基因结构图上标注某些特定区域。系统允许用户同时输入多个基因, 并指定输出次序和标注区域。结果可用位图和矢量图两种图形格式显示。点击位图格式结果, 可以查看相应序列。系统提供中英文两种用户界面。

SRAP与TRAP是最近发展的新型分子标记系统，具有简单、高效、高共显性、重复性、易测序等优点，尤其是可检测基因的可译框（ORFs）区域。本文对分别在芸薹属作物与向日葵中开发的SRAP、TRAP标记系统的基本原理与分析程序进行介绍。引物设计是SRAP与TRAP分析的关键，目前已开发出多个SRAP正、反向引物；与SRAP标记技术无须任何序列信息不同，TRAP技术需要基于已知cDNA 或EST序列信息设计固定引物才可进行PCR扩增；二者PCR条件采用复性变温法，前5个循环复性温度为35℃，后30～35个循环为50℃；扩增产物可在聚丙烯酰胺或琼脂糖凝胶上电泳，同位素或银染、EB检测。目前这两种标记系统已开始在多种作物的种质资源鉴定评价、遗传图谱构建(包括转录图谱)、重要性状标记乃至基因分离克隆等方面成功应用。

Abstract：SRAP and TRAP are two kinds of newly developed molecular marker systems with the advantages of simplicity, high throughput, numerous co-dominant makers, highly reproducibility and ready to sequence, especially preferential targeting ORFs. The principle and protocol of SRAP and TRAP，which were developed in Brassica and Helianthus crops firstly, are introduced in the paper. Primer design is a key step for SRAP and TRAP, and some F-and R-primers were developed. Unlike SRAP technique, the TRAP requires cDNA or EST sequence information for fixed primer development. The annealing temperature is 35°C in the first 5 cycles and 50°C in the subsequent 30～35 cycles. The amplicons can be separated by polyacrylamide or agarose gel，and detected by autoradiography，silver or EB staining. SRAP and TRAP are applied in germplasm genetic diversity analysis, genetic map including transcriptome map construction, important trait gene tagging and gene cloning in many crops.

本文系统地介绍了QTL定位的单一标记分析法、区间作图法以及复合区间作图法、混合显性模型的分析方法,概述了一些主要定位方法的分析原理、存在的主要优缺点。单一标记分析法可以采用方差分析、回归分析或似然比检验的方法分析。区间作图法和复合区间作图法是基于两个相邻标记的QTL定位方法,可采用回归分析或最大似然法分析。复合区间作图法在模型中包括了与其他QTL连锁的标记,可以提高作图的精度和效率。混合线性模型的QTL定位方法可以包括复杂的遗传效应及QTL与环境的互作效应,具有更广阔的应用前景。
Abstract:QTL mapping methods are reviewed for single-marker mapping,interval mapping,composite interval mapping,and mixed-model based method.Statistical approaches along with their properties are discussed for the mapping methods.ANOVA,regression method and likelihood ratio test can be applied in single-marker mapping.Interval mapping and composite interval mapping can be conducted,based on two interval markers,by regression method and maximum likelihood method.Since markers linked with other QTLs are include in the model,composite interval mapping is more precision and powerful.Mapping QTL by mixed-model approaches is more applicable when complicated QTL effects as well as QTL by environment interaction are analyzed.

以作者自己的工作为背景,结合国内外近几年的有关报道,综述了几种外源和内源激素对植物体细胞胚胎发生的诱导与调节作用。外源生长素和细胞分裂素是诱导离体培养细胞分化与增殖所必需的,2,4-D是诱导胚性愈伤组织的重要激素。在体细胞胚胎发生中内源激素含量和代谢的平衡起着关键的作用,而且外源和内源激素对诱导体细胞胚胎发生起相互调节作用。ABA在提高体细胞胚胎发生频率和质量上具有重要作用,同时,外源与内源ABA对体细胞胚胎发生起相互促进作用。本文还较为深入地讨论了这些激素诱导体细胞胚胎发生的可能作用机制。
Abstract:The paper summarizes the induced and regulatory effects of a few exogenous and endogenous hormones in plant somatic embryogenesis by our studies and related international reports.The exogenous auxin and cytokinin are necessary to induced differentiation and proliferation of cells of culture in vitro.2,4-D is an important hormone of induced embryogenic calluses.The contents and the metabolic balances of endogenous hormones have key effects for somatic embryogenesis.In addition,the exogenous and endogenous hormones have mutual regulatory effects for somatic embryogenesis.ABA has an important effect to improving the frequency and quality of somatic embryogenesis.Meanwhile,the exogenous and endogenous ABA have mutual promoted effects for somatic embryogenesis.The paper discusses possible mechanism of hormones-induced somatic embryogenesis in a deep-going way.

本文简述了作物诱发育种的发展现状,重点介绍了当今应用最广泛的电离辐射和化学诱变的原理其及在作物育种上的最新研究成果。

在传统的数量性状多基因遗传模型基础上提出主基因-多基因遗传模型具普遍性，纯主基因或纯多基因遗传模型只是其特例。由此初步建立了植物数量性状遗传体系分离分析方法。目前该方法可以检验2～3个主基因的个别遗传效应、多基因整体的遗传效应和两者的遗传率。本文介绍这种分离分析方法的研究经过、主要进展及应用效果，并以实例说明其分析步骤、方法和效果。

摘要: 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳目前已经广泛应用在SSR标记、SNP标记以及遗传图谱的构建等过程中, 但是一直以来凝胶银染方法由于染色时间长、染色步骤繁琐, 使得对于开展大批量的实验研究极为不利。文章通过对常规方法的改良, 建立了一个银染步骤只需要10 min, 整个染胶过程只需约20 min的快速、高效的银染方法。

摘要: 在植物抗逆反应体系中, 通过转录因子调控功能基因的表达, 是植物逆境应答反应的关键环节。作为植物体内最大的转录因子家族之一, MYB(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog)类转录因子在植物抗逆胁迫过程中起着重要的作用。文章论述了MYB转录因子的结构特征、功能特性及其分子机理, 并结合研究进展着重讨论了它们在植物抗逆胁迫中的作用。

育种工作的一个重要环节，就是在杂种群体或人 工弓1变群体中进行选择，从中选择合乎需要的理想材 料。因为选择效果的好坏直接影响到育种工作的成败， 因此如何制定最有效的选择方案提高选择效果，一直 是育种工作者关心的重要课题。通常，我们所观察到 的只是作物的表现型值。如前所述，由于表现型值中 包含有遗传和环境两方面的变异因素，有些在早期世 代表现优良的材料可能会随着世代的递增而变劣，因 此，直接根据表现型值进行选择不一定得到理想的效 果。如果我们用前面的方法把表现型方差中的基因型 方差和环境方差分离出来，就能够判断要进行选择的 群体的各种性状的遗传变异的程度，从而使得选择具 有一定的预见性。这样就可以进一步改进选择方案， 提高选择效果，因此遗传力在育种工作中的应用除了 可以决定选择方式之外，还可以对选择的效果作出判 断。

同工酶的研究是从墓因产物认识基因的存在及表 达，由生化表现型反映基因型，将宏观的遗传现象结合 到微观的分子水平，联系基因、酶、性状与结构、功能、 调控的关系，对分子遗传学具有极其重要的意义〔”5’

微卫星序列广泛存在于各类真核生物基因组中，一般为散在分布的中等程度重复序列。不同物种中，微卫星序列的含量以及占优势的微卫星序列类型各不相同。复制时,微卫星序列易于发生长度突变，这种突变与微卫星序列的复制滑移有关，同时也受多种因素的影响。微卫星序列可能是原微卫星序列通过复制滑移使序列长度扩增形成的。进化过程中，微卫星序列的长度变化维持在一定的范围内。由于微卫星标记多态性高、重复性好，并且操作简单，因此在基因的定位、人类疾病诊断及预测、亲权分析、品种鉴定、进化研究，以及动植物分子标记辅助选择育种研究等领域中都有着重要的应用价值。
Abstract:Microsatellites,simple sequence repeats (SSR),are abundant and distributed throughout the eukaryote genome.The contents of microsatellites are variant in different creatures.There are also different types of microsatellites,which are dominant in different creatures.One of the most noticeable characters of microsatellites is that they are easy to expand during DNA replication.It is thought to attribute to DNA slippage.This kind of mutation is affected by many factors.It is guessed that microsatellites come from pro-microsatellites,while the pro-microsatellites origin from random point mutations.The length of microsatellites can be maintained under relative conservative ranges during species evolution.As they are abundant,codominatnt,distributed over the euchromatic part of the genome,and have the character of highly polimorphic,microsatellites are useful tools for gene mapping,clinical diagnosis and predicting,paternity or pedigree analysis,evolution study,and marker-assisted breeding.

本文在对人类基因组单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的概念做简要说明的基础上,系统地介绍14种检测分析SNP的技术和方法的原理、操作要点及其优缺点。
Abstract:Based on summarizing the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of human genome,14 methods for detection were reviewed in detail,including the principle,operational point,the advantages and the disadvantages of each method.

不同循环参数、PCR缓冲液及反应体积的对比实验表明，循环参数中退火温度和时间、延伸时间及PCR缓冲液的成分影响多重PCR的扩增效果，而反应体积、循环次数对其扩增效果影响较小。

所谓不完全双列杂交，是指两套亲本之间两两相 互杂交（不包括反交）。对于不完全双列杂交的方法， 本讲将结合具体例子，重点讲述配合力的统计分析及 其效应值的估计和遗传力的估算。

用RAPD与ISSR技术对怀地黄的8个品种和2个脱毒品系进行了种质遗传多样性分析。分别从80条RAPD引物和44条ISSR引物中筛选出适合怀地黄种质分析的17条RAPD引物和10条ISSR引物，用于RAPD和ISSR分析。17条RAPD引物共扩增出177条带, 多态性位点数为109; 多态性位点比率为61.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3135；每个位点的有效等位基因数（Ne）是1.3641; 10条ISSR引物共扩增出110条带. 多态性位点数为79; 多态性位点比率为71.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3577；每个位点的有效等位基因数（Ne）是1.4037。 基于扩增条带数据库建立了各自的Jaccard遗传相关系数矩阵，构建了相似的分子树状图，将10个供试材料分为2类:一类群含组培85.5、大田85.5、组培9302、大田9302、金状元和金白6个材料；另一类群含北京1号、大红袍、地黄9104和野生地黄4个材料。两种分子标记的分析结果呈极显著正相关(r＝0.649)。结果表明，RAPD与ISSR标记适合于怀地黄种质遗传多样性分析，ISSR标记技术是一种多态性和重复性优于RAPD技术的实用技术。

单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP）的研究已成为人类后基因组时代的主要内容之一。因此建立高度自动化和高通量的SNP检测分析技术十分重要。文章系统地介绍了最新发展的几种SNP检测技术的原理和检测平台，详细阐述了等位基因特异性杂交、内切酶酶切技术、引物延伸法、寡核苷酸连接反应等SNP检测原理，以及平板读数仪、基因芯片、微球阵列技术和质谱仪等检测平台，并对SNP高通量检测技术的发展进行了展望。

微卫星是以1～6个碱基为基本单元的串联重复序列，由于具有共显性、多态性高和容易用PCR方法检测等特点，是非常有用的遗传标记。在小麦中，SSR标记已广泛应用于遗传图谱的构建、遗传多样性、品种及基因型鉴定、目的基因，以及QTL的标记和标记辅助选择育种。
Abstract:Microsatellites are simple,tandemly repeated one to six nucleotide sequence motifs.They are very useful as genetic markers because they are co-dominant,detect high levels of allelic diversity,and are easily assayed by the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ).In wheat,SSR markers have been applied to genetic mapping,detection of genetic diversity,identification of varieties and genotypes,gene tagging,QTL analysis,and marker-assisted selection.

外源基因在转基因植物中表达效率低一直是令相关研究者困扰的一个问题.转基因植物的生物安全性最近在全球范围内开始引起世人的担忧.本文简要介绍了近年来在植物表达载体构建方面所采用的一些新策略,这些策略有助于增强外源基因的表达水平、提高生物工程体的安全性。
Abstract:The low expression level of foreign genes in transgenic plants is a puzzling question for researchers in plant genetic engineering.The biosafety concern is now causing a growing public wariness of transgenic plants around the world.This article reviews the new strategies currently used in construction of plant expression vector for plant genetic engineering.These strategies are important for obtaining better expression of foreign genes and developing safer transgenic plants.

根据多年生植物组织富含多酚、多糖的具体特性，对现有的DNA提取方法进行了改进。通过增加提取缓冲液中b-巯基乙醇用量，简化氯仿/异戊醇抽提液步骤，改用经-20℃预冷异丙醇沉淀DNA等，对CTAB法加以改进。改进后方法具有以下优点：（1）获得的DNA质量良好，提取过程无明显的DNA降解，基本上排除了多酚物质的干扰；（2）用获得的DNA进行Southern杂交，可得到理想的杂交信号，可满足相关的分子研究要求；（3）操作简便。Abstract It is a difficult problem to isolate high quality DNA from plants containing a high contents of polyphenolics and polysaccharose, such as Actinidia plant. The protocol described in this paper is a modified CTAB (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) method. High quality genomic DNA can be isolated from Actinidia plant using the improved method. The DNA is good enough for Southern blot and other uses in DNA research. The protocol is also efficient for quick and macro-DNA extraction.

SSR标记是一种基于DNA长度多态性的分子标记技术，是进行群体遗传结构分析、构建遗传连锁图谱非常有效的工具。由于SSR标记是特异引物标记，必须在知道某个物种DNA序列的前提下，才能设计引物进行PCR扩增，故而存在一个引物开发的问题。从SSR标记的发展历程来看，开发SSR引物的方法有经典的构建与筛选基因组文库的方法、微卫星富集法、省略筛库法和数据库搜索法等四种。本文综述了这四种方法的操作流程及其在实际应用中的优缺点,并对近年来SSR引物在相近的物种间转移使用的情况作了介绍.

Abstract: SSRs is one of molecular markers technology based on DNA length polymorphism and an efficient tool
for population genetic studies and primary genetic linkage maps construction. Because of a special primer marker, It’s necessary to know a species DNA sequence in order to design primers for PCR testing. That is to say, there is a problem of SSR primer development. For the progress of SSR marker technology, the methods of developing SSR primer could be divided into four kinds: traditional constructing and screening genome library procedure, the SSR richment procedure, avoiding screening genome library procedure and database search procedure. This paper reviewed these four methods’operation processes and their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, transferability of SSR primers in closely related species were introduced in recent years.

SSR标记以其多态性丰富、提供遗传信息多、操作便利并在基因组中分散分布等优点已成为最受人们欢迎的分子标记之一，在许多领域广泛应用。但SSR标记的主要缺点是首先要从该物种中获取重复序列两侧的序列信息，并设计引物，而后才能被利用。综述了几种有代表性的SSR标记开发策略，旨在为各物种SSR标记的开发提供参考信息。Abstract: SSR molecular markers have been used widely in many genetic studies and become one of the most popular molecular markers due to their high polymorphism, abundant informativeness, convenience of assay by PCR and distribution throughout the genome. The major drawback of SSR molecular markers is that their primers need to be designed according to the isolated sequence flanking the SSR from species that are being examined for the first time. The aim of the present paper is to review the several representative methods of SSR isolation described in the literature and provide useful information in making appropriate choices among the large number of currently available options.

应用70个微卫星标记分析了3个籼稻测验种和3个粳稻测验种的多态性，发现其中36个标记可以区分籼粳测验种。再以18个籼粳品种进一步筛选，找到了分布于12条染色体的21个籼粳特异性微卫星标记。在这21个标记中，20个在籼粳亚种间带型相异，其中7个在亚种内带型一致，13个在亚种内带型不一致；1个标记在12个籼稻品种和1个粳稻品种检测到相同的带型，其余11个粳稻品种具有另一种带型。微卫星标记和RFLP标记检测籼粳亚种不仅具有一致性，而且还有互补性。
Abstract:Six indica and japonica testers were assayed using 70 microsatellite markers.Thirty-six markers distinguishing indicas from japonicas were detected.By further-screening among 18 indica and japonica varieties,21 markers distributed on 12 rice chromosomes were found to be indica-japonica differentiated.No indica varieties shared same patterns with any japonica varieties at 20 marker loci,of which identical patterns were observed within subspecies at 7 loci while within-subspecies variations were observed at 13 loci.At the remaining locus,12 indica and 1 japonica varieties had the same allele,while other 11 japonica varieties had another allele.It also showed that SSLP was not only consistent,but also complementary,to RFLP for the subspecies identification.

锌指蛋白是一类具有指状结构域的转录因子。根据半胱氨酸（C）和组氨酸（H）残基的数目和位置可将锌指蛋白分为C2H2、C2HC、C2C2、C2HCC2C2、C2C2C2C2等亚类。C2H2型锌指蛋白是最多也是研究最为清楚的一类锌指蛋白，在植物中已经克隆了50多个，主要涉及植物的生长发育和对环境胁迫的应答反应。该类锌指蛋白大部分在锌指区具有植物中特有的QALGGH保守结构，可能涉及调控植物特有的生物学功能。文章主要讨论了植物C2H2型锌指转录因子的结构、对靶DNA的识别及在生长发育和环境胁迫反应中可能的调控功能。 Abstract：Zinc finger protein is one of the important transcription factors with zinc finger domain that regulates gene expression in the eukaryotic organisms mainly by specifically interacting with target DNA sequence(cis-acting element). It could be divided into several types of zinc finger proteins, such as C2H2, C2HC, C2C2, C2HCC2C2, C2C2C2C2 etc, based on numbers and positions of Cys and His residues. Of these, C2H2 type zinc finger protein is the most clearly identified zinc finger transcription factor, with the wide existence in human, animals and plants. The characterized plant C2H2 zinc finger proteins are mainly involved in plant growth and development and the responses to environmental stresses. Up to now, more than 50 C2H2 zinc finger proteins have been reported in plants including petunia, Arabidopsis, wheat and rice, and most of them have the plant-specific QALGGH motif in zinc finger domain. This paper briefly introduces the structure, recognition of target-DNA sequence and functions involved in development or environmental stresses of plant C2H2 zinc finger proteins.

mtDNA作为分子标记的广泛应用,使得系统进化、生物地理、群体遗传、人类学及法医鉴定等领域的研究得到前所未有的发展.但随着对线粒体基因组遗传特性的了解不断加深,以mtDNA作为分子标记的潜在问题便逐渐暴露出来.本文从7个方面对mtDNA应用的可靠性问题进行了讨论,并对今后线粒体基因的应用前景做了初步分析。
Abstract:With some special features,mtDNA is used widely as molecular marker in the fields of systematic evolution,biogeography,population genetics,anthropology,and forensic medicine.However,more and more evidences that challenge the traditional concept on mtDNA features re found increasingly.In this paper,seven facts that could affect the reliability of mtDNA used as molecular marker are reviewed,then the perspective on application of mtDNA is discussed.

本文综述图位克隆技术的原理及基本技术环节,并与其它基因克隆技术相比较说明图位克隆技术的优缺点。本文还对近年来图位克隆技术在分离不同的植物发育基因上的广泛应用进行了简要概述,并对其应用前景和近期的预期进展作出展望。
Abstract:In this review,the principle and basis steps of map-based gene cloning on plant were introduced in detail.At the same time,the advantages and disadvantage of the method were evaluated as compared with the other methods.The extensive application of the map-based gene cloning method on cloning genes of different plants in the past was also summarized in brief.The prospect and the expected progress in several years were proposed in this paper.

利用ISSR标记分析了24份代表性烤烟种质的遗传多样性。从100个ISSR引物中筛选出10个引物，通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳可以检测到208条稳定的条带，片段大小介于200~2 400 bp之间，条带数在7~37条之间；扩增片段中多态性带141条，平均多态性比率(PPB)为67.79%。 通过UPGMA聚类分析，24个烤烟品种分为5类，最大一类有12个材料，主要衍生于Coker319。品种间遗传相似指数(GS)范围为0.66~0.85，表明其遗传多样性较低，需要拓宽烤烟种质的遗传基础。同时，利用2个多态性好的ISSR引物可以将这24份烤烟材料区分开，每个品种都有各自独特的指纹图谱，表明ISSR标记适于烟草品种鉴定和遗传多样性研究。

基因组研究的发展，使得利用生物信息学方法在一个相对狭小的基因组区段内开发新的SSR标记成为可能。要实现这一点，首先面临的任务就是潜在的SSR位点的搜索。已有的方法或多或少存在这样或那样的缺陷。文章介绍了利用Visual Basic语言开发本地化的SSR位点搜索软件的尝试。所编制的SSRHunter软件能够较出色地完成这一任务。此外，SSRHunter还提供了自动序列预处理，常规的序列整理和序列变换功能以及方便的结果输出方式。

采用SRAP分子标记技术, 对采自中国四川、重庆、贵州、西藏四省区的32份野生狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)材料进行遗传多样性分析, 获得下述结果：(1)用14对引物组合共得到132条多态性条带, 平均每对引物扩增出9.4条多态带, 多态性位点百分率为79.8%, 材料间的遗传相似系数范围在0.591到0.957之间, 平均GS值为0.759, 这些结果说明, 供试野生狗牙根具有较为丰富的遗传多样性; (2)对所有材料进行聚类分析, 可聚为4类, 大部分来自相同或相似生态地理环境的材料聚为一类, 表明供试材料的聚类和其生态地理环境间有一定的相关性; (3)基于Shannon多样性指数估算了6个狗牙根生态地理类群内和类群间的遗传分化, 发现类群内遗传变异占总变异的65.56%, 而类群间遗传变异占总变异的34.44%; (4)对各生态地理类群基于Nei氏无偏估计的遗传一致度的聚类分析表明, 各生态地理类群间的遗传分化与其所处的生态地理环境具有一定的相关性。

基因组研究计划包括以全基因组测序为目标的结构基因组学和以基因功能鉴定为目标的功能基因组学两方面的内容。目前基因功能鉴定的方法主要有：基因表达的系统分析(SAGE)、cDNA微阵列、DNA(基因)芯片、蛋白组技术以及基于转座子标签和T_DNA标签的反求遗传学技术等。本文对上述各种技术的优缺点以及它们在植物基因功能鉴定中的应用进行了综述。
Abstract: The genome projects comprise the structural genomics focusing on determining the complete sequences of the genome and the functional genomics focusing on elucidating the biological function of genes.The rapidly evolving tools for functional genomics research include Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE),cDNA microarray,DNA (or gene) chips,proteome project and the reverse genetics technique based on the well-established transposon tagging and T?DNA tagging systems.In this paper,the advantages and disadvantages of such techniques and application of these techniques in plant functional genomics research are reviewed and future prospective are also presented.

本文综述了近年来DNA分子标记在果树种质资源研究、分子遗传图谱构建、
基因标记、辅助选择育种等方面研究的应用。
Abstract:This paper reviewed the recent progress of the application of DNA molecular markers in various aspects of fruit tree genetics including germplasm reseach,genetic mapping,genetic tagging,marker asisted selection.

转录组是特定组织或细胞在某一发育阶段或功能状态下转录出来的所有RNA的集合。转录组研究能够从整体水平研究基因功能以及基因结构, 揭示特定生物学过程以及疾病发生过程中的分子机理。RNA-Seq作为一种新的高效、快捷的转录组研究手段正在改变着人们对转录组的认识。RNA-Seq利用高通量测序技术对组织或细胞中所有RNA反转录而成的cDNA文库进行测序, 通过统计相关读段(reads)数计算出不同RNA的表达量, 发现新的转录本; 如果有基因组参考序列, 可以把转录本映射回基因组, 确定转录本位置、剪切情况等更为全面的遗传信息, 已广泛应用于生物学研究、医学研究、临床研究和药物研发等。文章主要介绍了RNA-Seq原理、技术特点及其应用, 并就RNA-Seq技术面临的挑战和未来发展前景进行了讨论, 为今后该技术的研究与应用提供参考。

前言 “同工酶”一词最早由Markert及Mo11er (1959)^[9]提出，借以指具有相同的酶活性但其 蛋白质分子结构又不相同的一类酶。现有的同 工酶概念比较广泛，主要指来源相同，催化性质 相同而结构不同的酶的蛋白质分子。