基于多类型变异的炭疽芽孢杆菌群体基因组学研究

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.24-295

遗传 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (6): 681-693.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.24-295

基于多类型变异的炭疽芽孢杆菌群体基因组学研究

张祖铭¹(), 周豪², 黄学治², 张多悦², 张佳怡², 林昱², 方立崴², 张秀昌¹, 崔玉军², 武雅蓉²(), 李艳君³()

1.河北北方学院，张家口 075000
2.军事科学院军事医学研究院，北京 100071
3.解放军总医院第六医学中心，北京 100048

收稿日期:2024-10-16 修回日期:2024-12-18 出版日期:2025-06-20 发布日期:2025-01-10
通讯作者: 李艳君，博士，主任医师，研究方向：病原菌鉴定与溯源。E-mail: liyanjun1230@163.com;
武雅蓉，博士，助理研究员，研究方向：病原菌鉴定与溯源。E-mail: wuyarong525@126.com
作者简介:张祖铭，硕士研究生，专业方向：临床检验诊断学。E-mail: 13933396966@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2305304)

Study on population genomics of Bacillus anthracis based on multiple types of genetic variations

Zuming Zhang¹(), Hao Zhou², Xuezhi Huang², Duoyue Zhang², Jiayi Zhang², Yu Lin², Liwei Fang², Xiuchang Zhang¹, Yujun Cui², Yarong Wu²(), Yanjun Li³()

1. Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
3. Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Medical center of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing 100048, China

Received:2024-10-16 Revised:2024-12-18 Published:2025-06-20 Online:2025-01-10
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2305304)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

炭疽芽孢杆菌(Bacillus anthracis)是引发烈性传染病炭疽的病原体，也是一种典型生物战剂，主要感染牛、羊等牲畜以及人类，对畜牧业造成严重经济损失，威胁人类社会安全。深入了解该物种遗传多样性和进化推动力，是研究致病机制、开展炭疽疫情监测与防控的必要基础。但是，目前该领域研究不足，尤其缺乏基于多种类型变异的群体基因组水平研究。本文对公开发表的1,628株炭疽芽孢杆菌基因组序列进行收集和质控，在1,347株高质量序列中鉴定了SNP、Indel、大片段获得缺失、拷贝数变异以及基因组重排等多类型变异，共发现26,635个SNP位点、9,997个Indel位点、21个大片段获得缺失事件、25个拷贝数变异以及5个倒位。系统发育重建表明，该物种可分为6个主要种群及17个亚群。综合种群多样性和地理分布特征发现，美国菌株遗传多样性最高，而非洲菌株则呈现明显的地理聚集性特征。此外，通过选择压力信号分析，发现了4个与耐药和芽孢形成相关的基因(rpoB、fusA、spo0F、GBAA_RS11385)存在强选择压力。本研究重建了全球炭疽芽孢杆菌的种群结构，并揭示了该物种进化过程中关键的变异位点，为炭疽芽孢杆菌识别、溯源和致病机制研究提供了靶标，同时可为炭疽疫情的预防和控制提供科学支撑。

关键词: 炭疽芽孢杆菌, 全基因组测序, 遗传变异, 种群结构, 选择压力, 进化动力学

Abstract:

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of the deadly infectious disease anthrax, is also a typical biological warfare agent. It primarily infects livestock such as cattle and sheep, as well as humans, causing significant economic losses to the livestock industry and posing a threat to human society. A more profound insight into the genetic diversity and evolutionary drivers of this species is essential for studying its virulence mechanisms and conducting anthrax surveillance and control. However, current research in this area is insufficient, particularly lacking population genomic studies based on multiple types of genetic variation. In this study, we collect and filter the genome sequences of 1,628 publicly available B. anthracis strains, and identify various types of variation in 1,347 high-quality sequences, including SNPs, indels, large fragment gains and losses, copy number variations (CNVs), and genome rearrangements. In total, we identify 26,635 SNPs, 9,997 indels, 21 large fragment gains and losses, 25 CNVs, and 5 inversions. Phylogenetic reconstruction reveals that this species can be divided into six major populations and 17 subgroups. By integrating population diversity and geographic distribution characteristics, we find that U.S. strains exhibit the highest genetic diversity, while African strains show significant geographic clustering. Additionally, through selection pressure analysis, we identify strong selection signals in four genes (rpoB, fusA, spo0F, GBAA_RS11385) related to drug resistance and sporulation. This study reconstructs the global population structure of B. anthracis and reveals key variations during the species’ evolutionary process, providing targets for anthrax strain identification, tracing, and virulence mechanism research, as well as scientific support for the prevention and control of anthrax outbreaks.

Key words: Bacillus anthracis, whole-genome sequencing, genetic variation, population structure, evolutionary pressure, evolutionary dynamics

张祖铭, 周豪, 黄学治, 张多悦, 张佳怡, 林昱, 方立崴, 张秀昌, 崔玉军, 武雅蓉, 李艳君. 基于多类型变异的炭疽芽孢杆菌群体基因组学研究[J]. 遗传, 2025, 47(6): 681-693.

Zuming Zhang, Hao Zhou, Xuezhi Huang, Duoyue Zhang, Jiayi Zhang, Yu Lin, Liwei Fang, Xiuchang Zhang, Yujun Cui, Yarong Wu, Yanjun Li. Study on population genomics of Bacillus anthracis based on multiple types of genetic variations[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2025, 47(6): 681-693.

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变异	突变类型	突变个数	占比	总计*
SNP	同义突变	6,279	23.58%	26,640 (26,635)
	非同义突变	14,992	56.28%
	无义突变	741	2.78%
	假基因	25	0.1%
	基因间区	4,603	17.26%
Indel	移码突变	6,666	60.59%	11,002 (9,997)
	非移码突变	894	8.13%
	假基因	31	0.28%
	基因间区	3,411	31.00%

编号	突变序列	参考序列	基因	基因产物
INV1-1	GCA_000832665.1	GCA_000008445.1	基因间区	−
INV1-2	GCA_000832665.1	GCA_000008445.1	rrsK	16S ribosomal RNA
INV2-1	GCA_000021445.1	GCA_000008445.1	GBAA_0438	Putative prophage LambdaBa04, DnaD replication protein
INV2-2	GCA_000021445.1	GCA_000008445.1	GBAA_4120	Putative prophage LambdaBa02, DNA replication protein DnaC
INV3-1	GCA_000832565.1	GCA_000008445.1	GBAA_5432	Transcription antiterminator, LytR family
INV3-2	GCA_000832565.1	GCA_000008445.1	GBAA_5509	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase
INV4-1	GCA_024396795.1	GCA_000008445.1	GBAA_1799	Proton/sodium-glutamate symporter
INV4-2	GCA_024396795.1	GCA_000008445.1	aspA	Aspartate ammonia-lyase
INV5-1	GCA_000833125.1	GCA_000008445.1	GBAA_5432	Transcription antiterminator, LytR family
INV5-2	GCA_000833125.1	GCA_000008445.1	GBAA_5509	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase

基因编号	基因	dN/dS (GLPB;GLWL;GMYN; GNG;GYN)	趋同位点	固定位点	突变密度^#	基因产物
GBAA_RS00580*	rpoB	4.8;2.5;2.6;2.7;2.5	4	3	14.4	DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta
GBAA_RS00605*	fusA	2.4;1.4;1.5;1.5;1.7	2	1	17.8	延伸因子G
GBAA_RS02100	topB	2.1;1.0;1.2;1.1;1.2	0	1	6.4	DNA拓扑异构酶
GBAA_RS02855	NA	3.8;1.9;1.8;2.1;1.8	0	1	7.0	Glutamate synthase-related protein
GBAA_RS03475	NA	1.3;1.5;1.5;1.6;1.5	0	1	19.8	Alanine/glycine:cation symporter family protein
GBAA_RS04590	NA	3.0;1.5;1.6;1.6;1.9	0	4	9.5	过氧化氢酶
GBAA_RS27185*	spo0F	−	3	1	84.0	Sporulation initiation phosphotransferase Spo0F
GBAA_RS11385*	NA	−	8	1	99.6	BA2291 family sporulation histidine kinase

基于多类型变异的炭疽芽孢杆菌群体基因组学研究

Study on population genomics of Bacillus anthracis based on multiple types of genetic variations

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