[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC). Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV related chronic disease. MMWR Recomm Rep, 1998, 47(RR19): 1-39.[2] Lauer GM, Walker BD. Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med, 2001, 345(1): 41-52.[3] Williams R. Global challenges in liver disease. Hepatology, 2006, 44(3): 521-526.[4] Chen YD, Liu MY, Yu WL, Li JQ, Peng M, Dai Q, Liu X, Zhou ZQ. Hepatitis C virus infections and genotypes in China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2002, 1(2): 194-201.[5] Xia X, Luo J, Bai JL, Yu RB. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health, 2008, 122(10): 990-1003.[6] Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Iizuka N, Kohara M, Nomoto A. Internal ribosome entry site within hepatitis C virus RNA. J Virol, 1992, 66(3): 1476-1483.[7] Neumann AU, Lam NP, Dahari H, Gretch DR, Wiley TE, Layden TJ, Perelson AS. Hepatitis C viral dynamics in vivo and the antiviral efficacy of interferon-α therapy. Science, 1998, 282(5386): 103-107.[8] Kang SM, Choi SH, Park CY, Kim MH, Kim TK, Park JM, Koh MS, Kang HJ, Hwang SB. Monoclonal antibody recognizing N-terminal epitope of hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5B inhibits viral RNA replication. J Viral Hepat, 2008, 15(4): 305-313.[9] 张中林, 山松, 陈曦, 苏宁, 吴祥甫, 钱凯先, 沈桂芳. 丙肝病毒融合抗原基因NS3-C定点整合入衣藻叶绿体基因组的研究. 遗传, 1999, 21(6): 1-173.[10] Simmonds P, Holmes EC, Cha TA, Chan SW, McOmish F, Irvine B, Beall E, Yap PL, Kolberg J, Urdea MS. Classification of hepatitis C virus into six major genotypes and a series of subtypes by phylogenetic analysis of the NS-5 region. J Gen Virol, 1993, 74(Pt11): 2391-2399.[11] Murphy DG, Willems B, Deschênes M, Hilzenrat N, Mousseau R, Sabbah S. Use of sequence analysis of the NS5B region for routine genotyping of hepatitis C virus with reference to C/E1 and 5′ untranslated region sequences. J Clin Microbiol, 2007, 45(4): 1102-1112.[12] Simmonds P. Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus 15-years on. J Gen Virol, 2004, 85(Pt11): 3173-3188.[13] Major ME, Feinstone SM. The molecular virology of hepatitis C. Hepatology, 1997, 25(6): 1527-1538.[14] Pybus OG, Markov PV, Wu A, Tatem AJ. Investigating the endemic transmission of the hepatitis C virus. Int J Parasitol, 2007, 37(8-9): 839-849.[15] Kuiken C, Yusim K, Boykin L, Richardson R. The Los Alamos hepatitis C sequence database. Bioinformatics, 21(3): 379-384.[16] Kryczka W, Brojer E, Zarebska-Michaluk D, Medyńska J, Urbaniak A. Factors influencing natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Med Sci Monit, 2001, (Suppl. 1): 212-216.[17] Nakano I, Fukuda Y, Katano Y, Toyoda H, Hayashi K, Hayakawa T, Kumada T, Nakano S. Interferon responsiveness in patients infected with hepatitis C virus 1b differs depending on viral subtype. Gut, 2001, 49(2): 263-267.[18] Nakano T, Lu L, Liu P, Pybus OG. Viral gene sequences reveal the variable history of hepatitis C virus infection among countries. J Infect Dis, 2004, 190(6): 1098-1108.[19] Drummond AJ, Rambaut A. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol Biol, 2007, 7: 214.[20] 敖雁, 朱明星, 徐辰武. 贝叶斯统计在QTL作图中的应用研究进展. 遗传, 2007, 29(6): 668-674.[21] Magiorkinis G, Magiorkinis E, Paraskevis D, Ho SY, Shapiro B, Pybus OG, Allain JP, Hatzakis A. The global spread of hepatitis C virus 1a and 1b: A phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis. PLoS Med, 2009, 6(12): e1000198.[22] Courtwright D. Dark paradise: a history of opiate addiction in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.[23] Stimson GV. The global diffusion of injecting drug use: implications for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Bull Narc, 1993, 45(1): 3-17.[24] Markov PV, Pepin J, Frost E, Deslandes S, Labbé AC, Pybus OG. Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus genotype 2 in Africa. J Gen Vi-rol, 2009, 90(Pt9): 2086-2096.[25] Khan A, Tanaka Y, Azam Z, Abbas Z, Kurbanov F, Saleem U, Hamid S, Jafri W, Mizokami M. Epidemic spread of hepatitis C virus genotype 3a and relation to high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Pakistan. J Med Virol, 2009, 81(7): 1189-1197.[26] Verma V, Chakravarti A, Kar P. Genotypic characterization of hepatitis C virus and its significance in patients with chronic liver disease from Northern India. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2008, 61(4): 408-414.[27] EMRO. Health System Organization-Health System ProfilePakistan. Regional Health Systems Observatory-World Health Organization, 2007: 28-42.[28] Pybus OG, Cochrane A, Holmes EC, Simmonds P. The hepatitis C virus epidemic among injecting drug users. Infect Genet Evol, 2005, 5(2): 131-139.[29] Esteban JI, Sauleda S, Quer J. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Europe. J Hepatol, 2008, 48(1): 148-162.[30] Njouom R, Frost E, Deslandes S, Mamadou-Yaya F, Labbé AC, Pouillot R, Mbélesso P, Mbadingai S, Rousset D, Pépin J. Predominance of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection and rapid transmission between 1935 and 1965 in the Central African Republic. J Gen Virol, 2009, 90(Pt 10): 2452-2456.[31] Abdel-Hamid M, El-Daly M, Molnegren V, El-Kafrawy S, Abdel-Latif S, Esmat G, Strickland GT, Loffredo C, Albert J, Widell A. Genetic diversity in hepatitis C virus in Egypt and possible association with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gen Virol, 2007, 88(Pt 5): 1526-1531.[32] Pybus OG, Drummond AJ, Nakano T, Robertson BH, Rambaut A. The epidemiology and iatrogenic transmission of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: A Bayesian coalescent approach. Mol Biol Evol, 2003, 20(3): 381-387.[33] Tanaka Y, Agha S, Saudy N, Kurbanov F, Orito E, Kato T, Abo-Zeid M, Khalaf M, Miyakawa Y, Mizokami M. Exponential spread of hepatitis C virus genotype 4a in Egypt. J Mol Evol, 2004, 58(2): 191-195.[34] Verbeeck J, Maes P, Lemey P, Pybus OG, Wollants E, Song E, Nevens F, Fevery J, Delport W, Van der Merwe S, Van Ranst M. Investigating the origin and spread of hepatitis C virus genotype 5a. J Virol, 2006, 80(9): 4220-4226.[35] Henquell C, Guglielmini J, Verbeeck J, Mahul A, Thibault V, Lebray P, Laperche S, Trimoulet P, Foucher J, Le Guillou-Guillemette H, Fouchard-Hubert I, Legrand- Abravanel F, Métivier S, Gaudy C, D'Alteroche L, Rosenberg AR, Podevin P, Plantier JC, Riachi G, Saoudin H, Coppere H, André E, Gournay J, Feray C, Vallet S, Nousbaum JB, Baazia Y, Roulot D, Alain S, Loustaud- Ratti V, Schvoerer E, Habersetzer F, Pérez-Serra RJ, Gourari S, Mirand A, Odent-Malaure H, Garraud O, Izopet J, Bommelaer G, Peigue-Lafeuille H, van Ranst M, Abergel A, Bailly JL. Evolutionary history of hepatitis C virus genotype 5a in France, a multicenter ANRS study. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2011, 11(2): 496-503.[36] World Health Organization. Hepatitis C-global prevalence. Wkly Epidemiol Rec, 1997, 14(46): 341-344.[37] Hauri AM, Armstrong GL, Hutin YJ. The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. Int J STD AIDS, 2004, 15(1): 7-16.[38] Stumpf MPH, Pybus OG. Genetic diversity and models of viral evolution for the hepatitis C virus. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2002, 214(2): 143-152.[39] Xia XS, Lu L, Tee KK, Zhao WH, Wu JG, Yu J, Li XJ, Lin YX, Mukhtar MM, Hagedorn CH, Takebe Y. The unique HCV genotype distribution and the discovery of a novel subtype 6u among IDUs co-infected with HIV-1 in Yunnan, China. J Med Virol, 2008, 80(7): 1142-1152.[40] Nakano T, Lu L, He YS, Fu YS, Robertson BH, Pybus OG. Population genetic history of hepatitis C virus 1b infection in China. J Gen Virol, 2006, 87(1): 73-82.[41] Fu Y, Wang Y, Xia W, Pybus OG, Qin W, Lu L, Nelson K. New trends of HCV infection in China revealed by genetic analysis of viral sequences determined from first-time volunteer blood donors. J Viral Hepat, 2011, 18(1): 42-52.[42] 桂亚萍, 郑惠, 沃垮, 孔令和. 九江地区丙型肝炎病毒基因分型. 实验与检验医学, 2010, 28(5): 514-515.[43] 刘剑荣, 黄永建, 夏洪娇, 张勇. 丙型肝炎基因型分布特点及流行分析. 国际检验医学杂志, 2010, 31(12): 1847-1848.[44] Zhang CY, Wu NN, Liu J, Ge QJ, Huang Y, Ren Q, Feng QC, He GL. HCV subtype characterization among injection drug users: implication for a crucial role of Zhenjiang in HCV transmission in China. PLoS One, 2011, 6(2): e16817.[45] Fu YS, Qin WB, Cao H, Xu R, Tan Y, Lu T, Wang HR, Tong WX, Rong X, Li G, Yuan MQ, Li CH, Abe K, Lu L, Chen GH. HCV 6a prevalence in guangdong province had the origin from Vietnam and recent dissemination to other regions of china: phylogeographic analyses. PLoS One, 2012, 7(1): e28006.[46] 洪国祜, 谭朝霞, 郭艳, 毛青. 中国西南地区丙型肝炎病毒6a亚型病毒株的传播速率. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2011, 19(7): 502-505.[47] Hesketh T, Wei XZ. Health in China From Mao to market reform. BMJ, 1997, 314(7093): 1543-1545.[48] Zhang C, Yang R, Xia X, Qin S, Dai J, Zhang Z, Peng Z, Wei T, Liu H, Pu D, Luo J, Takebe Y, Ben K. High prevalence of HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus coinfection among injection drug users in the southeastern region of Yunnan, China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2002, 29(2): 191-196.[49] Wang YZ, Xia XS, Li CH, Maneekarn N, Xia WJ, Zhao WH, Feng Y, Kung HF, Fu YS, Lu L. A new HCV genotype 6 subtype designated 6v was confirmed with three complete genome sequences. J Clin Virol, 2009, 44(3): 195-199.[50] Xia XS, Zhao WH, Tee KK, Feng Y, Takebe Y, Li QH, Pybus OG, Lu L. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of HCV isolates from China reveals a new subtype, designated 6u. J Med Virol, 2008, 80(10): 1740-1746.[51] Lu L, Nakano T, He YS, Fu YS, Hagedorn CH, Robertson BH. Hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in China: predominance of closely related subtype 1b isolates and existence of new genotype 6 variants. J Med Virol, 2005, 75(4): 538-549.[52] Zhou YQ, Wang XH, Mao Q, Fan Y, Zhu Y, Zhang XQ, Lan L, Jiang L, Tan WT. Changes in modes of hepatitis C infection acquisition and genotypes in southwest China. J Clin Virol, 2009, 46(3): 230-233.[53] Liu PP, Xiang KL, Tang H, Zhang W, Wang XQ, Tong X, Takebe Y, Yang RG. Molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus in former blood donors in central China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 2008, 24(1): 1-6.[54] World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/en/. 2011.[55] Tee KK, Pybus OG, Li XJ, Han X, Shang H, Kamarulzaman A, Takebe Y. Temporal and spatial dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 circulating recombinant forms 08_BC and 07_BC in Asia. J Virol, 2008, 82(18): 9206-9215. |