植物miRNA稳定性与降解的分子基础

doi:10.16288/j.yczz.25-030

遗传 ›› 2025, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (8): 944-957.doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.25-030

• 综述 • 上一篇

植物miRNA稳定性与降解的分子基础

郭梦玮(), 樊友宏(), 任国栋()

复旦大学生命科学学院，复杂性状的遗传调控全国重点实验室，上海 200438

收稿日期:2025-01-26 修回日期:2025-04-30 出版日期:2025-08-20 发布日期:2025-05-07
通讯作者: 任国栋，研究员，博士生导师，研究方向：植物遗传与RNA生物学。E-mail: gdren@fudan.edu.cn
作者简介:郭梦玮，博士研究生，专业方向：生物化学与生物物理学。E-mail: 20110700093@fudan.edu.cn
樊友宏，博士，研究方向：植物小分子RNA代谢。E-mail: fanyouhong@fudan.edu.cn
第一联系人：
郭梦玮和樊友宏并列第一作者。
基金资助:
上海市科学技术委员会项目(22ZR1406100);上海市科学技术委员会项目(22TQ014);上海市科学技术委员会项目(22XD1420200);国家自然科学基金项目(32470591)

Molecular basis of microRNA stability and degradation in plants

Mengwei Guo(), Youhong Fan(), Guodong Ren()

State Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development of Complex Phenotypes, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China

Received:2025-01-26 Revised:2025-04-30 Published:2025-08-20 Online:2025-05-07
Supported by:
Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(22ZR1406100);Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(22TQ014);Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(22XD1420200);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32470591)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

miRNA (microRNA)是一类由内源基因编码的、长度在20~24个核苷酸的小分子非编码RNA。miRNA主要在转录后水平调控基因表达，进而影响动植物生殖、发育和环境应答等各种生物学过程。miRNA在不同组织和细胞内的分布、稳态维持和动态调节受到多个层次调控，包括转录、加工生成、稳定性调节以及靶向降解等。关于miRNA生物合成(包括转录和加工)的生化途径已经建立，对其调控的分子机制也有了较为深入的认识。本文系统综述了植物miRNA生成后稳定性调节、周转和靶向降解的相关研究进展，并结合动物中的机制进行比较和讨论，旨在为深入阐明控制细胞内miRNA丰度的分子机制提供理论框架。

关键词: miRNA, 稳定性, 降解, Argonaute, 甲基化, 尿苷化, 靶标RNA, 核酸酶

Abstract:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs with 20 to 24 nucleotides in length. They primarily regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and influence numerous biological processes, including reproduction, development, and responses to environmental stimuli in both plants and animals. The spatiotemporal expression of miRNAs across organs, tissues, and cells is tightly regulated at multiple levels, encompassing transcription, processing, stability control, and targeted degradation. The biochemical pathway of miRNA biogenesis, including transcription and processing, has been established, and its regulatory mechanisms have also been extensively studied. In this review, we systematically summarize current advances in post-biogenesis regulation of miRNA stability, turnover, and targeted degradation in plants, with comparative analyses of similarities and differences in animal systems. By integrating these advances, this review seeks to provide a framework for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms controlling intracellular miRNA abundance.

Key words: miRNA, stability, degradation, Argonaute, methylation, uridylation, target RNA, nucleases

郭梦玮, 樊友宏, 任国栋. 植物miRNA稳定性与降解的分子基础[J]. 遗传, 2025, 47(8): 944-957.

Mengwei Guo, Youhong Fan, Guodong Ren. Molecular basis of microRNA stability and degradation in plants[J]. Hereditas(Beijing), 2025, 47(8): 944-957.

图/表 1

图1

植物miRNA稳定性调节与降解代谢的工作模式图植物中新生miRNA/miRNA*经HEN1介导的2′-O-甲基化修饰后，miRNA链被选择性地组装到AGO蛋白中形成沉默复合体(RISC)，RISC中的miRNA通过序列配对识别并抑制靶基因(此处用靶标切割表示，也存在翻译抑制)的表达。末端甲基化修饰及AGO的结合对于miRNA的稳定性至关重要。未组装的miRNA/miRNA*通过未知的核酸酶降解。3′-5′核酸外切酶ATRM2与AGO1相互作用，参与部分未甲基化miRNA/miRNA*的降解，推测该过程可能发生在RISC装载的初始阶段。和动物中的种子区配对不同，植物内源靶标与miRNA通常高度配对，这使得miRNA的3′末端从AGO蛋白的PAZ结构域中脱离出来。在这种情况下，末端尿苷转移酶TUTase (如拟南芥中的HESO1和URT1、衣藻中的MUT68)以及未鉴定到的3′-5′核酸外切酶相互竞争并攻击miRNA 3′末端，引起miRNA 3′末端的加尾与截短。在这个过程中，多尿苷化加尾促进miRNA的降解，而截短的生物学意义仍不清楚。甲基化可以阻止加尾和截短，维持miRNA 3′末端的完整性。SDN家族3′-5′核酸外切酶可能通过切除含甲基化修饰的miRNA，使其进入加尾、截短依赖的miRNA失稳降解。模拟靶标是一类在miRNA-靶标配对中间区域有凸出泡的特殊靶标，并使得RISC无法对模拟靶标进行切割。相反，该凸出泡可能通过未知的机制引发RISC构象或翻译后修饰的改变，进而招募F-box家族蛋白HWS，引起RISC复合物的降解。SDN1/2也被报道参与该过程，但具体的分子机制目前仍不清楚。RISC: RNA诱导沉默复合体(RNA-induced silencing complex)；TUTase: 末端尿苷转移酶(terminal uridylyl transferase)；SCF，SKP1-CUL1-F-box泛素连接酶；UPS: 泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system)。"

图1

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植物miRNA稳定性与降解的分子基础

Molecular basis of microRNA stability and degradation in plants

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