摘要：
进化生物学和发育生物学的结合产生了一门新兴学科——进化发育生物学，近年来该领域研究取得了丰硕的成果。头索动物文昌鱼是现存生物中最近似于脊椎动物直接祖先的生物，在与脊椎动物分化后形态改变很小，其基因组未曾经历大规模的基因组倍增，在一定程度上反映了脊椎动物祖先型基因组的特征，但在漫长的独立进化历程中基因组自身还是经历了一些变化。本文介绍了在几例在文昌鱼支系中独立发生的基因倍增事件(Hox; Evx; HNF-3; Calmodulin-like)，有力地揭示了文昌鱼虽然与脊椎动物直接祖先极其接近，但其基因组有其自身特性，不能简单地将之等同于脊椎动物直接祖先。Abstract: The union of the two complementary disciplines, developmental biology and evolutionary biology resulted in a new division of evolutionary developmental biology, namely “Evo-Devo”. Recently, the research on this field has been fruitful in understanding the origin and development of vertebrates. The cephalochordate amphioxus, which remains in relatively invariant morphology since the divergence from the vertebrate lineage, is the closest living relative to vertebrates. The vertebrate-like simple body plan and preduplicative genome provide amphioxus genes the privilege to serve as key landmark to understand morphological evolution. However, the amphioxus genome has not escaped evolution. In this paper several examples of independent gene (Hox; Evx; HNF-3 and Calmodulin-like) duplications in the cephalochordate lineage were summarized. These particularities and oddities remind the fact that amphioxus is not an immediate ancestor of the vertebrates but ‘only’ the closest living relative to the ancestor, with a mix of prototypical and amphioxus-specific features in its genome.